Florence Nightingale s Play Breaking Social Norms

Genre Analysis During the Victorian time period roles regarding gender, education, the work force, and politics were all set and rarely had any changes made to these predisposed ideologies. By conducting an analysis of the time period using a variety of genres, it became apparent that Florence Nightingale’s role in breaking social norms was a starting point for the revolution of women. It is also evident that her actions are still influential in today’s society. Using two different sources, I compared both themes and techniques used to portray the purpose of the article and video. The first genre typography, is used to present the role that women during the Victorian time period, ranging from education to prostitution. While the video’s iconography genre’s purpose was to educate about Florence Nightingale’s role and what she accomplished in her lifetime. By using several types of genres I compared the roles of Victorian women to Florence Nightingale and her counter actions of the time period, and the impact made then and its relevance today. Structure and Delivery The structure for the typography, which was an article is written in paragraph form, structured by each topic being separated in bolded lettering and ranging in a large variety of topics. The iconography genre, which was a video is short only providing vital information needed to know about Florence Nightingale and her impact on breaking social norm. The information for the article is shaped in this way, toShow MoreRelatedethical decision making16006 Words   |  65 Pagesbioethics, and how is it important to the community nurse? 2. What is the ethics of virtue, and what part do virtues play in the practice of nursing? 3. What is meant by principle-based ethics? 4. How does Kant’s deontological approach differ from Mill’s utilitarian approach? 5. What role does each of the four major ethical concepts— beneï ¬ cence, nonmaleï ¬ cence, autonomy, and justice—play in community nursing practice? 6. How can health care resources be distributed in a fair manner? 7. How doesRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 PagesInstitute of Social Sciences Compiled by S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Contents History of Social Welfare/ Social Work ..........................................................................................................................3 The need to understand history of social work .............................................................................................................3 Framework to understand History of Social Welfare / Social Work .....Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesworld? How can companies renew and sustain those factors in the face of the business slowdowns and major fluctuations that challenge the longterm continuation of profitable earnings? As we continue to experience the twenty-first century’s economic, social, and political churning, how will these driving factors be influenced by the brutally competitive global economy in which organizations do not have any particular geographic identity or travel under any particular national passport? What will be the

Factors Influencing A Person s Political Views - 1340 Words

Self-Evaluation A lot of factor influences a person’s political views. A person is influenced by a lot of things that make them able to take the political stance at a point of life. As an individual, he walks through the pace of long life to understand the values and beliefs that he has been hearing since childhood. Sometimes it is really hard for one to decide what political party he wants to support, at that time he can take the suggestion from his family, friends, media and online quizzes. The process through which a person develops political beliefs and opinions that influence their behavior in social spheres is known as political socialization. It is the way in which a person gets his attitude and belief about politics. Political†¦show more content†¦Political ideology is a more or less consistent set of views as to the policies the government ought to pursue. People around the world, at some point, obtain a political ideology in their lifetime. American politics functions largely in the middle of the political spectrum as a contest between liberals and conservatives. Liberals believe the government has an important place both as a regulator in the public interest and to assist those with lower incomes. On the other hand, they still oppose government intervention in matters of personal autonomy. Conservatives feel there is too much government interference, particularly at the federal level, in the economy. This belief translates into calls for lower taxes, r educed spending on social programs, and deregulation. Perhaps because most Americans see themselves as moderates, politicians find it difficult to stay within the ideological boundaries of liberalism or conservatism. Many stress their credentials as fiscal conservatives while taking liberal positions on social issues. Others take a populist line, embracing active governmental intervention in both economic and cultural spheres. Upon taking the online quiz, the website told me that I was 82% social democrat, 52% conservative, 50% libertarian, 48% fascist or radical right and 48% communist or radical left. Overall, I was a liberal who believe in the role of government to fightShow MoreRelatedReligion And Politics : The Dwindling Of Secularism993 Words   |  4 Pagesis a personal ideology while politics embodies a rational, collective process. Good politics are policy oriented and not concerned with external factors related to politicians and their personal lives. Contemporary politic s do not hold the same political legitimacy that it intended to have at the founding, and increasing religious activism in the political process is a large contributor to the corresponding decline. Policy and religion have different ends. The former is geared towards justice and orderRead MoreIncreased Political Activism Among Nursing Staff Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesIncreased Political Activism among the Nursing staff Nurses are usually the most powerful people on earth, given the fact that they have a remarkable potential to exercise tremendous power both in the societal and political arenas. This power emanates from the great body of healthcare knowledge that they possess and in their large numbers. Contrary to this absolute fact, most nurses do not maximize this policy changing potential that they own. Regrettably, they view political activism not as powerRead MoreEvaluation Of The Self Evaluation783 Words   |  4 Pageschange) are consistent with the disease world-view, whereas healing is consistent with the person perspective (Leddy, 2006). People are in constant motion with their environment, consequently creating paradigms (worldview). The environment consists of a variety of factors such as ecological, social, cultural, economic, and political components that in a constant interactions. Health Promotion helps a person to maintain stability by identifying the risk factors that may pose a risk for hemostasis thusRead MoreEssay on What Factors Affect Voter Turnout and Election Results1161 Words   |  5 PagesVoter turnout, as well as election results, depend upon and are effected by several different factors. Everything from family status to beliefs about abortion can determine how a person will vote. In my presentation, however, I focused on three aspects that effect voter turnout and elections. I found, in my research, that a voters age, sex and party identification greatly factor into how a person will cast his or her vote. Men and women differ greatly in many aspects of life, and voting is oneRead MoreThe Views And Components Of Classical Liberalism1227 Words   |  5 PagesThe views and components of classical liberalism are evident in every aspect of the socioeconomic status and practices of the United States. The extent to which varies considerably depending on which facet of the government one considers, but the underlying principles on which the legislative and economic values base themselves on directly conforms with classical liberalism. Although liberalism is a relatively new ideology, most industrialized countries identify with the it’s policies and agendaRead MoreHow Christians Influenced The United States1690 Words   |  7 Pagesbut it wasn t the only thing influencing culture. We often forget one of the most powerful influences of this time and through all of history to now Music is and was powerful. The sixties are a decade that holds many history making changes, from assassina tion to wars, but looking back you can see what the music was about and it clearly points out why certain things were popular. It was a huge factor in culture and still is today. â€Å"In 1960, nearly half of America s population is under 18 yearsRead MoreThe Hunger Banquet Encourages Students994 Words   |  4 Pagesmyself, many other people who operate under Capitalism do not have a full understanding of how other economic systems work, such as communism and socialism. Communism, â€Å"a political system in which the government owns and operates all factors of production† (Ebert, 2015, pg. 13), is a system in which I was unaware of the government s ability to control every single means of production within an economy. Also, socialism, a planned economic system, was introduced to me through the learning of businessRead MoreThe Persuasion On The Issue Of North Korea1136 Words   |  5 Pagesregional threat. The next participant, Keaton, responded that North Korea was a h istorical issue and did not believe that military action was necessary because of its current technological level. Lastly, Chad responded that North Korea has been an issue s since the rise of the Kim family and that it is a global threat. In terms of their sources, each respondent consumed a variety news such, as social media, YouTube, Tv, and newspapers. Curiously, each of the three held cable networks, such as CNN, inRead MoreEssay on Sociology and Hall Et Al.1133 Words   |  5 Pagesjeopardy. This quite often led to a nostalgic view that the past had been a more harmonious time of life without such disorder and that the youth certainly behaved, on the whole, better in days gone by. Throughout each era of sporadic moral panic in terms of the youth threatening social order, there has emerged groups that have fit the criteria and Cohen concerns himself primarily with the ‘Mods and Rockers’ that fought in seaside towns in the UK in the 1960’s. His belief is that the mediation of theseRead MoreResearch Proposal1165 Words   |  5 PagesQuality of Life Name: Institutional Affiliation: How would you as a person be classified? Well, this the one question that would raise a heated debate and long list of the elements critical in classifying people that is because the issue is not about how best to classify people but rather what qualify life means. Quality life refers to the general person’s and societies’ well-being as well as the individual’s commitment to his or her life (Phillips, 2006). Quality life can also be defined

All for One - 1927 Words

Team F | FastCat | Compensation and Rewards | | Spring 2011 | Intro FastCat’s priority is to increase revenue and the new pay structure will accomplish that goal in the long run. The new, cost containment, policy rewards, among other things, behavior aligned with FastCat’s objectives. This in turn will increase revenue, innovation, and customer satisfaction. This new system will need to be assessed over time to make improvements. Choosing a multiple job structure with a person-based pay will allow FastCat to utilize a hybrid structure. We have decided to lead with pay in the more critical jobs and match with the remainder jobs which include low skill or are entry level positions. We have assessed present salaries, created a†¦show more content†¦To offset this, we have designed a merit and bonus plan. Merit Plan The merit pay will increase FastCat expenses; however, it will be worth the cost as the employees who received pay increases will receive raises based on merit. Only 68% of FastCat’s employees will receive merit pay; that is a $28,769 increase. Providing bonuses for workers, who perform their jobs effectively, according to measurable criteria, should increase overall performance within FastCat. According to the original merit plan, the rating system used valid and valuable criteria but the uneven distribution suggested its extreme leniency. Over 68% of the employees exceeded expectations (Appendix 3.2.1 – 3.2.2). To correct this, FastCat should implement a 360 degree feedback program. This will not only encourage teamwork, but it will give employees clarity and challenge them to improve. This directly supports FastCat’s goals of controlling costs, increasing revenue, and creating a team oriented culture The new merit distribution is stricter and has a forced distribution that should help control costs (Appendix 3.2.3). Indeed, merit plans are susceptible to bias. If this occurs, FastCat should consider hiring outside auditors to assess individuals at the company. For now, the 360 degree program should prevent and/or alleviate such issues. Communication is key in implementing this new plan as sometimesShow MoreRelatedAll for One and One for All in the Declaration of Independence796 Words   |  4 Pagesworld, informing it of the intentions of the colonies. These intentions are presented in a list, ranging from absolv[ing] from all Allegiance to the British Crown to hav[ing] full Power (U.S. 1776). The list progresses in a specific manner, starting with what the colonies must do first and moving on to the following goals that can only be reached if the preceding one is accomplished. The final touch that really strengthens the Declaration of Independence is the signatures that follow the conclusionRead MoreThey Used to Call Me Piggy796 Words   |  3 Pagesis considerably the most realistic one on the island. Piggy is the boy whose real name is never mentioned; however, his real name is not as symbolic as the nickname--Piggy-- that he has been given. Clearly, the name describes his character’s physical stature, and the boys judge him accordingly. Immediately, the boys write him off as the â€Å"fat kid† who is a burden to their circumstance. Despite his identity given from his appearance, he is the most realistic one on the island. Piggy’s propensity toRead MoreHow The Hijab And Factors That May Influence A Teenager1346 Words   |  6 Pagesin all honesty, I don t know. Is it out of habit? Modesty? Guilt? Maybe it s all of these things. Maybe it s none. I m writing this in selfish hope that I ll be able to find my own answers to those nagging questions that live inside my head and threaten to show themselves at moments when I least expect them - on the bus going to school, in the middle of cleaning my room, during the sleepless hours of the early morning. 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She had alwaysRead MoreLenovo S20 All Of One Pc1245 Words   |  5 PagesSetup 1 Lenovo S20 All-in-One PC Contains an Intel Pentium quad core processor, along with 4GBs of RAM along with this there is a 500GB of storage that means it has enough memory to store the files and storage that’s needed, it has a windows 8.1 operating system however this can be upgraded to windows 10 due to it being free for 2015, a keyboard and mouse is not needed as it comes with it. Microsoft Office 365 Home, Licence Card, 5 Users, 1 year subscription (PC/Mac) Contains windows 365Read MoreThey Left All the Weak Ones Here1532 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"They left all the weak ones here† In section 4 of the novel â€Å"of mice and men†, George and the ranchers have left the â€Å"weak ones† at the ranch and gone into town. Although Curley’s wife is the one who refers to them as the â€Å"weak ones†, she herself is included in this group. 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Trends in Human Resource Management - 1143 Words

Trends in Human Resource Management Teaming across organizational boundaries appears to be a hallmark of companies in transformation. In fact, a number of companies these days have eliminated many of the traditional organizational boundaries entirely. Project teams instead of traditional managers organize work, and workers are even able to join teams based on their competencies and interest. These are just some of the changes being made as the United States quickly transforms from an industrial society to a service society. Instead of the boss being the CEO the boss is now becoming the customer. As our company structures change thus does the roles of our Humane Resource departments. In the following paragraphs we will discuss some of†¦show more content†¦According to chapter 2 of the Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, the 2006 workforce will be 72 percent white (and non-Hispanic), 11 percent black, 12 percent Hispanic, and 5 percent Asian and other minorities. This diversity in the U.S. labor forc e is a major challenge to employers to create HRM (Human Resource Management) practices that ensure they fully utilize the talents, skills, and values of all employees. Diverse work environments force organizations to make certain of cultures that value diversity ensuring that HRM systems are bias-free, encouraging career development for women and minorities, promoting knowledge and acceptance of cultural differences, ensuring involvement in education both within and outside the organization, and dealing with employees resistance to diversity (Trends page 34). The most common approaches to insuring a diverse workforce are recruiting with an effort to increase diversity and training programs to insure that current employees can deal with the new sundry labor force. Some employers are even adding benefits such as daycare, eldercare and flexible work schedules to attract diverse employees. E-Business The fast pace of change in Information Technology creates several challenges for HRM. HR expertise is an important asset especially with the struggle to start an E-Business. IT is a very competitive field in itself making it hard to find talented people that are the veryShow MoreRelatedCurrent Trends in Human Resource Management1494 Words   |  6 Pagescurrent Trends in Human Resource Management Business leaders need to be aware of the trends that will impact the operating environment in the future. Trends offer clues about how the operating environment will change. concept these shifts will allow luminous CEO’s and managers to adapt and thrive. This is especially accurate in the dwelling of Human Resources management since people are one of the most principal resources to any enterprise. Here are five accepted trends in Human Resources managementRead MoreTrends And Implications Of Human Resource Management764 Words   |  4 PagesI. Trends and Implications Today’s organizational leaders are facing accelerating rates of volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity, all of which are showing no signs of slowing down. Whether it is the continuing digital revolution or expanding global markets, our current environment requires a constant state of innovation. For companies to continue succeeding, next generation leaders must be able to handle any curve ball thrown their way. Leading through this new business environmentRead MoreTrends And Implications Of Human Resource Management889 Words   |  4 PagesTrends and Implications Today’s organizational leaders are facing accelerating rates of volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity, all of which are showing no signs of slowing down. Whether it is the continuing digital revolution or expanding global markets, our current environment requires a constant state of innovation. 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Intelligence without representation Free Essays

string(147) " He declared this as his intellectual motivation however, immediately declared his non-particular interest in demonstrating how human beings work\." INTRODUCTION Professor Rodney Brooks’ vision is to create a truly intelligent machine without the aid of representation. He argued that when intelligence is approached in an incremental manner, with strict reliance on interfacing to the real world through perception and action, reliance on representation disappears. What is artificial intelligenceWhat is Brooks’ vision and his approach in achieving thisWhat constitute a truly intelligent machineIs Brooks’ approach effective to create machines which are truly intelligent and what obstacles foreseen in his approach? What is Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. We will write a custom essay sample on Intelligence without representation or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable. AI is a field in computer science seeking to create a computer system capable of sensing the world around it, understanding conversations, learning, reasoning, and reaching decisions, just as would a human. AI is a combination of computer science, physiology, and philosophy. AI is a broad topic, consisting of different fields, from machine vision to expert systems. The element that the fields of AI have in common is the creation of machines that can â€Å"think†. In order to classify machines as â€Å"thinking†, it is necessary to define intelligence. To what degree does intelligence consist of, for example, solving complex problems, or making generalizations and relationshipsResearch into the areas of learning, of language, and of sensory perception has aided scientists in building intelligent machines. One of the most challenging approaches facing experts is building systems that mimic the behaviour of the human brain, made up of billions of neurons, and arguably the most complex matter in the universe. AI has come a long way from its early roots, driven by dedicated researchers. AI really began to intrigue researchers with the invention of the computer in 1943. In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a test for artificial intelligence in which a human being is asked to talk with an unseen conversant. The tester sends questions to the machine via teletype and reads its answers; if the subject cannot distinguish whether the conversation is being held with another human being or a machine, then the machine is deemed to have artificial intelligence. No machine has come close to passing this test, and it is unlikely that one will in the near future. Researchers, however, have made progress on specific pieces of the artificial intelligence puzzle, and some of their work has had substantial benefits. One area of progress is the field of expert systems, or computer systems designed to reproduce the knowledge base and decision-making techniques used by experts in a given field. Such a system can train workers and assist in decision making. MYCIN, a program developed in 1976 at Stanford University, suggests possible diagnoses for patients with infectious blood diseases, proposes treatments, and explains its â€Å"reasoning† in English. Corporations have used such systems to reduce the labour costs involved in repetitive calculations. A system used by American Express since November 1988 to advise when to deny credit to a customer saves the company millions of dollars annually. A second area of artificial intelligence research is the field of artificial perception, or computer vision. Computer vision is the ability to recognize patterns in an image and to separate objects from background as quickly as the human brain. In the 1990s military technology initially developed to analyze spy-satellite images found its way into commercial applications, including monitors for assembly lines, digital cameras, and automotive imaging systems. Another pursuit in artificial intelligence research is natural language processing, the ability to interpret and generate human languages. In this area, as in others related to artificial intelligence research, commercial applications have been delayed as improvements in hardware—the computing power of the machines themselves—have not kept pace with the increasing complexity of software. The field of neural networks seeks to reproduce the architecture of the brain—billions of connected nerve cells—by joining a large number of computer processors through a technique known as parallel processing. A fuzzy systems is a subset of artificial intelligence research based on the assumption that the world encountered by humans is filled with approximate rather than precise information. Interest in the field has been particularly strong in Japan, where fuzzy systems have been used in different applications, from operating subway cars to guiding the sale of securities. Some theorists argue that the technical obstacles to artificial intelligence, while large, are not attainable. A number of computer experts, philosophers and futurists have speculated on the ethical and spiritual challenges facing society when artificial intelligent machines begin to mimic human personality traits, including memory, emotion, and consciousness. Brooks’ vision Professor Rodney Brooks stated in his report his approach of creating artificial intelligence as [1]: We must incrementally build up the capabilities of intelligent systems, having complete systems at each step of the way and thus automatically ensure that the pieces and their interfaces are valid. At each step we should build complete intelligent systems that we let loose in the real world with real sensing and real action. Anything less provides a candidate with which we can delude ourselves. He backed his approach by claiming to have [1] built series of autonomous mobile robots following this approach and made mention to have reached an unexpected conclusion (C) and have a rather radical hypothesis (H). (C)When we examine very simple level intelligence we find that explicit representations and models of the world simply get in the way. It turns out to be better to use the world as its own model. (H) Representation is the wrong unit of abstraction in building the bulkiest parts of intelligent systems. Brooks’ Approach Incremental Intelligence Brooks stated in his desire to build completely autonomous mobile agents that co-exist in the world with humans and they shall be seen by human beings as intelligent beings in their own right. He called such agents Creatures. He declared this as his intellectual motivation however, immediately declared his non-particular interest in demonstrating how human beings work. You read "Intelligence without representation" in category "Essay examples" Having considered the parable of the AF researchers, he convinces himself to tread carefully in the endeavour to avoid some nasty pitfalls. He considered the problem of building these Creatures as an engineering problem. He then stated some of the requirements he needed in order to build these Creatures as: A Creature must cope appropriately and in a timely fashion with changes in its dynamic environment. A Creature should be robust with respect to its environment; minor changes in the properties of the world should not lead to total collapse of the Creature’s behaviour; rather one should expect only a gradual change in capabilities of the Creature as the environment changes more and more. A Creature should be able to maintain multiple goals and, depending on the circumstances it finds itself in, change which particular goals it is actively pursuing; thus it can both adapt to surroundings and capitalize on fortuitous circumstances. A Creature should do something in the world; it should have some purpose in being. Having set out all the requirements he needed to build the Creature, he then considered some of the valid engineering approaches needed in achieving these requirements. He stated that it is [1] necessary to decompose a complex system into parts, build the parts, then interface them into a complete system. Decomposition by function Traditionally, the notion of intelligent systems has been of a central system with perceptual modules as inputs and action modules as outputs. The perceptual modules deliver a symbolic description of the world and the action modules take a symbolic description of desired actions and make sure they happen in the world. This makes the central system a symbolic information processor. Brooks argued that the central system be decomposed into smaller pieces. He also stressed that when researchers working on a particular module get to choose both the inputs and the outputs that specify the module requirements he believe there is little chance the work they do will fit into a complete intelligent system. He made mention of a bug in the functional decomposition approach which is hard to fix and admitted the need of a long chain of modules to connect perception to action. He rounded up decomposition by function saying these modules must be built first in order to test any of them but emphasis that until realistic modules are built it is highly unlikely that they can predict exactly what modules will be need or what interfaces the Creatures will need. Decomposition by activity This is an alternative decomposition aforementioned which makes no distinction between peripheral systems, such as vision and central systems. Rather the fundamental slicing up of an intelligent system is in the orthogonal direction dividing it into activity producing subsystems. Each activity or behaviour producing system individually connects sensing to action. This activity producing system is referred to as layer. An activity is said to be a pattern of interactions with the world. Another name for these activities is said to be skill. The word activity was chosen however, because the layers must decide when to act for themselves, not by some subroutine to be invoked at the beck and call of some other later. Brooks gave an advantage of this approach as giving an incremental path from very simple systems to complex autonomous intelligent systems. He stressed the necessity of building one small piece at each step of the way and interfacing it to an existing, working, complete intelligence. No Representation versus No Central Representation Another Brooks’ approach is to eliminate the idea of having a central representation or central system. He said and I quote â€Å"Each activity producing layer connects perception to action directly. It is only the observer of the Creature who imputes a central representation or central control. The Creature itself has none; it is a collection of competing behaviours. Out of the local chaos of their interactions there emerges, in the eye of an observer, a coherent pattern of behaviour. There is no central purposeful locus of control.† He claimed however, that there need be no explicit representation of either the world or the intentions of the system to generate intelligent behaviours for a Creature. He acknowledged the fact that an extremist might say that his approach do have representations however, swiftly defended his approach by claiming that are just explicit. He differentiates his approach from the standard representation by claiming; No variables need instantiation in reasoning processes. No rules which need to be selected through pattern matching. No choice to be made. To a large extent the state of the world determines the action of the Creature. The methodology, in practice In order for Brooks to build systems based on activity decomposition so that they are truly robust he stated that they must follow a careful methodology. Methodological maxims First, it is vitally important to test the Creatures they build in the real world; i.e., in the same world that we humans inhabit. He also point out that it is disastrous to fall into the temptation of testing them in a simplified world first, even with the best intentions of later transferring activity to an unsimplified world. With a simplified world (matte painted walls, rectangular vertices everywhere, colour blocks as the only obstacles) it is very easy to accidentally build a submodule of the system which happens to rely on some of those simplified properties. This reliance can then easily be reflected in the requirements on the interfaces between that submodule and others. Second, as each layer is built it must be tested extensively in the real world. The system must interact with the real world over extended periods. Its behaviour must be observed and be carefully and thoroughly debugged. When a second layer is added to an existing layer there are three potential sources of bugs: the first layer, the second layer, or the interaction of the two layers. Eliminating the first of this source of bugs as a possibility makes finding bugs much easier. Furthermore, there is only one thing possible to vary in order to fix the bugs—the second layer. Truly Intelligent Machine Conclusion References [1] Brooks, R. (1991). Intelligence without representation. Artificial Intelligence 47 , 139-159. Bibliography Kurzweil, Ray. The Age of Spiritual Machines. New York: Viking, 1999. Partridge, Derek. A New Guide to Artificial Intelligence. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1991. Shapiro, Stuart C., ed. Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence. 2d ed. New York: Wiley, 1992. Turbam, Efraim. Expert Systems and Applied Artificial Intelligence. New York: MacMillan, 1992. http://www.answers.com/topic/artificial-intelligence How to cite Intelligence without representation, Essay examples

Death Penalty Essay Against Example For Students

Death Penalty Essay Against Illinois, Citing Faulty Verdicts, Bars ExecutionsBy DIRK JOHNSON SPRINGFIELD, IL (AP) Citing a shameful record of convicting innocent people and putting them on death row, Gov. George Ryan of Illinois today halted all executions in the state, the first such moratorium in the nation. Governor Ryan, a moderate Republican who supports the death penalty but questions its administration, noted that 13 men had been sentenced to death in Illinois since 1977 for crimes they did not commit, before ultimately being exonerated and freed by the courts. I cannot support a system, which, in its administration, has proven so fraught with error, he said, and has come so close to the ultimate nightmare, the states taking of innocent life. Opponents of the death penalty, who said mistaken convictions like those discovered in Illinois were common throughout the nation, hailed the move. Since 1973, 85 people have been found to be innocent and released from death row. The Nebraska Legislature passed a mo ratorium on executions last year, citing concerns of racial disparity in sentencing, but the governor vetoed it. Bills that would halt executions are pending in 12 states. In Oregon, an anti-death-penalty group led by Mark Hatfield, a former Republican senator and governor, hopes to put a measure on the ballot that would eliminate executions and instead provide for sentences of life without parole. More than 600 inmates have been put to death since 1977, when the Supreme Court allowed the reinstatement of the death penalty. The death penalty is on the law books in 38 states. The Midwest has traditionally been a center of opposition to the death penalty. It is not allowed in Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota or Wisconsin. In Illinois, about 150 inmates are on death row; none had an execution date. Governor Ryans announcement of a moratorium met with little public criticism here, a measure of how public outrage over the wrongful convictions has changed the political landscape on the issue in this state. Until I can be sure that everyone sentenced to death in Illinois is truly guilty, until I can be sure with moral certainty that no innocent man or woman is facing a lethal injection, no one will meet that fate, the governor said. Mr. Ryan resisted calls for a moratorium last year, but he said that continuing evidence of flaws in the system, including still more reversals of convictions, had persuaded him to impose a moratorium. One of the leading voices for a moratorium has been that of Mayor Richard M. Daley of Chicago, who, while he was Cook County States Attorney in the 1980s, prosecuted some of the death penalty cases that later were overturned. Mayor Daley now contends that prosecutors did nothing improper in these cases but that defense lawyers were often poorly financed and sometimes incompetent. In nine of the reversed Illinois cases, students and professors at Northwestern University unearthed pivotal evidence that freed the men from death row. Law rence Marshall, a law professor at Northwestern who is director of the Center for Wrongful Convictions at the university, said that the mistakes unearthed in Illinois surely existed in other states. This should not be seen as an Illinois problem, Professor Marshall said. What happened here is that we got lucky in the first few cases, and found the evidence? After that, people were more willing to take a second look at other cases. The willingness in Illinois to examine such cases, Mr. Marshall said, means that letters from inmates protesting innocence are not ignored. The political climate has changed here, he said. There has been an astonishing recognition that innocent people are being sent to death row. So now people are re-examining cases in Illinois that would not be re-examined in other states. While Illinois seems to have become a center of debate over the death penalty, the issue is gaining resonance around the nation, after many years in which it was seen as essentially a d ead letter in American politics. Besides the halt on executions here, and the vetoed moratorium in Nebraska, the death penalty has been the focus of intense scrutiny in Florida and other states. Last year, in a visit to the United States, Pope John Paul II called on Catholics to oppose the death penalty. And a new movie, Hurricane, examines the life of a man, Rubin Carter, who was sent to death row for a crime he did not commit. People are starting to raise more concerns about the death penalty, said Steven Hawkins, the executive director of the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty. Its becoming obvious that mistakes can be made, and innocent people can be sent to death row. While the wrongful convictions in Illinois have generated intense scrutiny and debate, Florida has had 18-death row cases reversed, the most of any state. Governor Ryan, who said he would appoint a panel to study death penalty sentences, heads the Illinois campaign for Gov. George W. Bush of Texas, th e state that executes more people than any other. I believe that a public dialogue must begin on the question of fairness of the application of the death penalty in Illinois, Mr. Ryan said. In about a year as governor, Mr. Ryan has taken some actions that have put him at odds with conservatives in his party. He has called for strict gun control, expressed support for the civil rights of gays and traveled to Cuba and met with Fidel Castro. Some suburban and downstate lawmakers complain that Mr. Ryan has maintained too cozy a political relationship with Mayor Daley, a Democrat. Mr. Ryan has lately been beleaguered by an investigation into a bribery scandal at drivers license bureaus that occurred during his watch as the Illinois secretary of state. While Mr. Ryan has not been charged with wrongdoing, one of his top aides is expected to be indicted. Seventeen people have pleaded guilty to taking bribes to fix drivers license exams, and some of the money went to Mr. Ryans campaign. Sinc e 1977, Illinois has executed 12 inmates, the most recent in March 1999, the lethal injection of Andrew Kokoraleis, and a suburban Chicago man who had been convicted of an especially grisly murder. The Cook County States Attorneys Office has instituted special internal reviews for all cases that would be eligible for the death penalty. The prosecutors office, which is headed by Richard Devine, a Democrat, has not called for an execution date since April 1998. David Erickson, the first assistant states attorney, said the governors call for a moratorium was appropriate. The easy thing would have been to finger-point, and the governor did not do that, Mr. Erickson said. 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