The Aint-half-bad Tea Cake in Their Eyes Were Watching God

The Aint-half-bad Tea Cake in Their Eyes Were Watching God Hurston did not design her novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God with the intent of creating a protagonist figure in Tea Cake Woods. Hurston’s characters just naturally fit into the roles and personalities that African American women have been socialized to expect and accept from black men. The good over the bad; turn the other cheek; dont let it get you down. Forever taught that the road aint gonna be easy and that a aint-half-bad man is better than no man, African American women have been instilled with the belief that abuse, bitterness, and sadness can be ignored if there is something else to focus that energy on. In Janies case, we are moved to accept Tea Cake,†¦show more content†¦There is still a chance with Killicks that somewhere on his land we will find our peach blossoms. Once again, Nannys guiding voice informs, Dats de very prong all us black women gits hung on. Dis love! Dats just whuts got us uh pullin and uh haulin and sweatin and doin from cant see in d e mornin till cant see at night. (22) Somewhere within the reader, one factor subconsciously prepares the stage for Tea Cakes entrance: there is a dream deferred; a fantasy of a man who will touch us on the inside and warm us on the outside. The personal goal is superseded by the social goal which Nanny attempts to impress upon Janie, yet, the personal goal is still within--pulsating, waiting to be born. It is this pulsating, prenatal dream which prevents the readers acceptance of Killicks. Despite the fact that he seems to embody all which that voice has told us we need, the reader cannot embrace him as the end of Janies romantic journey. In our world, where our dreams are the norm, Killicks is set up as the other who will not garner our love and merely serves to distract Janie from her rightful path. With this adolescent frame of mind, the reader enters Janies relationship with Killicks fully aware of his temporary status, eager to dismiss him as a necessary mountain over which Janie must climb in order to reach theShow MoreRelatedTheir Eyes Were Watching God- Janies Self Realization2063 Words   |  9 PagesTheir Eyes were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, was a unique individual; as a half-white, half-black girl growing up in Florida in the early 1930s, a lifetime of trials and search for understanding was set for her from the start. As the main character she sought to finall y find herself, true love, and have a meaningful life. Growing up, in itself, provides a perfect opportunity for finding that essential state of self-realization and ideal comfort. Michael G. Cooke reviews Their Eyes Were WatchingRead MoreHurston Both Pack Quite A Punch. Each Of The Stories Have2054 Words   |  9 Pagesprotagonist Bigger Thomas are not even revealed for their worth. What Wright is trying to do, rather, is not only critiquing obviously racist whites, but also whites that are seemingly more liberal and supporting of Blacks. Meanwhile, Their Eyes Were Watching God is a book that largely focuses on the personal life of the protagonist Janie and how she grows into a strong, expressive woman. However, contrary to popular belief, the book also does focus on how white supremacy negatively affects BlacksRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSelf-Assessment Library H ow Creative Am I? 190 Point/Counterpoint Checklists Lead to Better Decisions 191 CONTENTS xi Questions for Review 192 Experiential Exercise Biases in Decision Making 193 Ethical Dilemma Do Unethical Decisions Come from Bad Character? 193 Case Incident 1 Computerized Decision Making 194 Case Incident 2 Predictions That Didn’t Quite Pan Out 195 7 Motivation Concepts 201 Defining Motivation 202 Early Theories of Motivation 203 Hierarchy of Needs Theory 203 †¢

Juvenile Crime Statistics - 677 Words

Individual Assignment; Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper CJA374 Juvenile Justice Systems and Processes Francisco Jorge Flores Sr. December 3rd, 2012 Mrs. Amy Gordon University of Phoenix Write a 700 to 1,050 word paper summarizing the key points of the â€Å"Juvenile Arrests 2008† article. Address the following; According to Puzzanchera (2009), on his Juvenile Arrests 2008, article published through the Juvenile Justice Bulletin from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, juvenile arrests during 2008 felt a minor, but significant decrease in comparison to statistics of 2007, in 2008, juvenile arrests by law enforcement agencies were estimated at 2.11 million of juveniles under the age of 18 in the whole country, this†¦show more content†¦Now as for minorities playing their part in these statistics of juvenile arrest in 2008, between the ages of 10 – 17, they were classified as follows; whites conformed a 78%, black teenagers shared a 16%, while Asian/Pacific Islanders made a 5%, and another 1% was made by American Indians, Hispanics juveniles arrests were included among whites statistics, of all violent crimes that occurred during 2008 , whites were reported to conform 47% of the chart, in the mean time another 52% was made by black teenagers, leaving a 2% conformed by Asian juveniles and American Indians at 1% each group. (Puzzanchera, 2009) Within the violent crime classification, according to Puzzanchera (2009), black juvenile arrest rate in 2008, (926) turned out to be 5 times higher than the rate of white juveniles which were (178) per the same period of time, which were also considered 6 times much higher than the rate for American Indian juveniles that was (153) and it also resulted 13 times much higher than the rate of Asian teenagers (71), if we compared these numbers to the statistics from 1980, we will find that our 2008Show MoreRelatedJuvenile Crime Statistics878 Words   |  4 PagesJUVENILE CRIME STATISTICS PAPER Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper CJA/374 September 19, 2012 The information in this article gives statistics of juvenile crime in America ranging from the late 1980’s to 2008. Its purpose is to take the information provided in these studies over the past 20 years or so to guide efforts and address the disparities among the youth to combat and prevent juvenile delinquency to better the lives of our children and for the future of our nationRead MoreCrime Statistics And Juvenile Crime951 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Crime Statistics The paper will focus and highlight some details of the statistics of juvenile crime statistics and juvenile crime itself. Is an aim to evaluate the reduction in national juvenile arrest, narcotics offenses, minor assaults, and the allegations regarding minor females, with the incousion of ethnic and racial classes. Additionally, data will be shown on the increase in arrest for minor females, the contrast in decrease for their male delinquent counterparts and voilent crimesRead MoreJuvenile Crime Statistics Paper765 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Crime Statistics Paper University of Phoenix CJA374 May 10, 2011 Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper This paper will address and summarize four different points from the juvenile arrests bulletin from 2001. Such points included in the summary are the overall decrease in juvenile arrests, the increase in drug offenses and simple assaults, implications for juvenile females and minorities, and last an assessment of the tracking of juvenile arrests as a method of measuring the amountRead MoreJuvenile Crime Statistics Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Crime Statistics William Scott Bennett CJA/374 September 24, 2012 LeDetra C. Jones Juvenile Arrests 2008 Data is collected by law enforcement agencies within the United States and submitted to the Federal Bureau of Investigations for tracking purposes. These numbers are used by analysts at the FBI to indicate trends in crime and to possibly develop alternative policing methods. A statistician can manipulate numbers to show what they feel is relevant, but aside fromRead MoreHarsher Penalties On The Crime Rate904 Words   |  4 Pagesand highest unemployment rates; and the lowest and highest crime rates. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics the states with the lowest unemployment rates generally have the lowest crime rates (Bureau of Labor Statistics). One can argue harsher penalties would most likely deter criminals from committing crimes, but preventive measures are most efficient for decreasing the crime rate. The most efficient way to reduce the rising crime rate in the United States is to install more preventativeRead MoreJuvenile Crime and Justice1126 Words   |  4 P agesï » ¿ Juvenile Crime Justice Introduction Are crime rates for juveniles in the United States on the rise or are they falling? What kinds of crimes are juveniles typically arrested for? Are all the laws and policies with reference to juvenile justice seen as truly fair? Should a juvenile be locked up for life without the possibility of parole? What has the U.S. Supreme Court ruled as to locking juveniles up for life without the possibility of parole? These and other issues will be discussed inRead More Juvenile Crime Essay example975 Words   |  4 Pages Juvenile Crime Introduction nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Every year, millions of juveniles are involved in criminal activities. According to statistics, as of 1999, the arrest rate for juvenile crime has dropped from its peak in the mid-1990’s. Statistics about juvenile crime have shown a steady increase of juvenile arrests from 1987 to 1994. Although overall crime rates have decreased since 1994, they are still above what they were in 1980. The following paragraphs and charts show the crime ratesRead MoreEssay about Not All Offenders Should be Labeled Juvenile Delinquents505 Words   |  3 PagesNot All Offenders Should be Labeled Juvenile Delinquents Juvenile delinquency is a critical concern to the general public. When adolescents commit crimes or are accused of an offense, they automatically become labeled criminals, delinquents, and deviants in the eyes of the courts, of the state, and of various people. However, is it fair to label them as such? When a status offense such as curfew, vandalism, or even disorderly conduct, is committedRead MoreThe Nature Of Youth Crime877 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the nature of youth crime in Australia? Youth crime is the crime committed by juvenile offenders. It is the common issue in Australia. The age group between 14-19 years old is the popular group of youth crime. (News 2013) Different age groups commit different types of crimes. (The youth court 2009) Also, there are many kinds of crime and crime method in the society, such as, drug offences, robbery, burglary, assault and violent offenses. The group of people who crime together that is called criminalRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Justice1506 Words   |  7 PagesPortfolio on Juvenile Status Offenders A juvenile status offender is a youth charged with an offense that is not consider a crime if committed by an adult; this would include but not limited to running away from home, curfew violations, underage drinking, skipping school, or beyond a parents control. Status offenders are usually not incarcerated on their first offense, but violating a court order can find them as delinquent who can result in being place in a correction or detention facility.

Common Reading Reaction Paper Free Essays

It’s common knowledge that there will be many people to be encountered in life that you can relate to in one way or another. I find myself relating to Mishna Wolff from â€Å"I’m Down† in many ways. From sharing very similar experiences to having almost identical personality traits, I can without a doubt identify with Mishna. We will write a custom essay sample on Common Reading Reaction Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s inevitable while you’re growing up and learning new things in school, you attach yourself to other individuals with similar interests or just share some sort of chemistry. In other words, your â€Å"best friend† or â€Å"BFF† as others would like to call them. I’ve always had a best friend, even from an early age (3 years-old to be exact). It just so happens that my first best friend was African-American. I never saw myself different from her, where being white or black had no importance in my mind. There were many times where I’d spend the night at her house, and her family would be over. I’d never felt more out of place. The loud and rowdy conversations, the slang I’d never heard, and just the atmosphere was totally different. This is where I feel I can relate to Mishna, when she began â€Å"capping† with the neighborhood kids to fit in. I had always felt the need to change how I spoke and behaved around her family. I had never felt more out of place. In addition to fitting in, Mishna had also joined many different sports to please her father and win back (or an equal amount) of favoritism. I can also identify with this experience as well. All throughout my childhood I had hopped from one sport to another, from taking agonizing ballet classes, swimming, soccer, and finally cheer-leading. At first I started involved myself in them because I wanted to try something new; but it ended up being because I was competing for attention from my younger brother. My brother had been playing baseball since he was six years old. My mother and father, and even some of my extended family would never fail to watch every single one of his games. My father would emerge himself in my brother’s baseball practice, spending hours after-school coaching him and some of his teammates. With all this attention spent on my brother and his baseball, I had always felt left out. My parents would drop me off at my own practice and neither one of them involved themselves in any sport I was in. Mishna is pictured in the book to be, for the most part, fairly easy-going and doesn’t let too many things bother her. When her father says something outrageous or just plain unfair, she resorts to keeping everything to herself. I can also relate to her in this way. There are many times when someone says something I disagree with and I’m able to just shrug it off and not let it affect me. However, there are many things Mishna did that I don’t see eye-to-eye with. When Mishna’s father told a group of people right in front of her that Anora was â€Å"his girl† and just let it slide like that, see, I wouldn’t let that go as easily. To me, that’s something extremely disturbing to hear, seeing as your father is supposed to love you unconditionally. Had it been my next to the stairs eavesdropping on that conversation, I wouldn’t have thought it over twice to call my mother and go live with her. Moreover, if I was Mishna, I wouldn’t have let Anora get away with everything. The unfairness is just incomprehensible and I would never allow it to go as far as it did. If my younger sibling did things that were inappropriate or was doing something wrong and one of my parents just shrugged it off like Mishna’s father did, I would have said something or acted in the same manner as Anora until everything was justified. Had Mishna done something about it, I don’t think things wouldn’t have gotten as bad as they did regarding her sister. Ultimately, Mishna and I are very alike in the things we think and do. I have been able to relate to almost every experience she shared with us in â€Å"I’m Down†, from the problems of fitting in to the problems with her father. I feel that all these things make us the person we are today, and for that, we shouldn’t be ashamed of any of it. Mishna writing this book just shouts to be proud of who you are and where you come from. How to cite Common Reading Reaction Paper, Essay examples

Reinventing the Self Essay Example For Students

Reinventing the Self Essay Basketball had been a passion of mine since my childhood years. I grew up watching players like LeBron James and Kevin Durant. My dream was to live their life: be a talented and rich NBA superstar with multiple championships and MVP awards to my name. It was my dream to lead the team I had been a fan of my whole life, the Brooklyn Nets, to an NBA title. This is the story of how I made my fantasy a reality. I became enthusiastic about basketball late in high school. I wanted to play for my high school varsity team, but because of my lack of experience and my 59   stance, I did not make the team. By facing such an obstacle early in my career, I was able to learn from it to build my talents. I began working on my game for 4, sometimes even 5 hours a day, while also focusing on schoolwork. By maintaining my grades, I was able to win a scholarship to Princeton University. I then proceeded to try out for their basketball team, and I made it. My dream took one step closer to becoming reality. Even though I made the Princeton basketball team, my training was far from over. I continued to work endlessly, sometimes long into the night, until I was satisfied with my game. Also, fortunately, I hit a major growth spurt and grew a foot in a matter of 3 years between my junior year in high school and my sophomore year in college. This gave me a lot of confidence when stepping onto the basketball court. During my sophomore year in college, my life changed. Princeton basketball just barely qualified for the NCAA March Madness tournament. The best collegian players in the country play in this tournament, and scouts from NBA teams come to watch some games. If I wanted to make it to the NBA, this tournament would be the only chance I had to prove myself to the scouts. However, it was not easy. Two of the top collegian prospects, Michael Jordan III and LeBron James Jr. , were in the same grade as me. I would have to outshine the both of them, something that would be almost impossible for a guy who did not start playing basketball until high school. My training paid off during March Madness. I dominated in nearly every game averaging 42. 2 points per game, 19. 7 rebounds per game, and 11. 0 assists per game. For the first time ever, Princeton won March Madness, which gave me national recognition. Suddenly, every NBA team wanted to draft the 69   forward from Holmdel, New Jersey. Up until the Brooklyn Nets drafted me, they were struggling mightily. They managed to win just five games in the past three seasons. The team seemed to have no future; that is, until Jesus Shuttlesworth showed up on the radar. With the first pick of the 2019 NBA Draft, the Brooklyn Nets drafted me. My dream finally had come true. I finally would get to play with the team I rooted for my whole life. I do not want to sound like I am bragging, but I had a legendary career with the Nets. I single-handedly carried the team to 14 consecutive NBA Titles from 2022-2035. I also won the MVP all of those years, as well as the Finals MVP. My career statistics were 50. 9 points per game, 23. 7 rebounds per game, 13. 3 assists per game, 10. 2 blocks per game, and 14. 0 steals per game. Unfortunately, my career was cut short. The year after I won my 14th championship ring, I suffered a career-ending injury. As I was going for a lay-up, the defender guarding me bumped into me and I came crashing into the support of the basketball hoop. I dislocated both of my knees and suffered a serious concussion. Fortunately, I have since recovered. Today, I am a retired multi-millionaire basketball player. I live in a penthouse in Manhattan that overlooks Central Park. .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d , .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .postImageUrl , .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d , .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d:hover , .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d:visited , .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d:active { border:0!important; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d:active , .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2fc88d51ae200d6a7ec89c489248c85d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Pros and Cons of Obamacare EssayI try to stay in shape by shooting hoops on my rooftop basketball court from time to time. Fans everywhere have been constantly asking me to come out of retirement and return to the NBA. I tell them the same thing every time: I have already made my contribution to the game. Plus I have a family to take care of now.   Even though my playing career is in the past, I am considering becoming head coach for the Nets. Currently though, I am enjoying weekends with my wife and son in Coney Island walking along the boardwalk. The first half of my life was basketball. I want the second half to be something else.

Marketing Of Honda Motorcycles In The USA Essays - Honda

Marketing of Honda motorcycles in the USA The American Honda Motor Company was established as a subsidiary by Honda in 1959. During the 1960's the type of motorcycles brought by Americans underwent a major change. Motorcycle registrations increased by over 800,000 in five years from 1960. In the early 60's the major competitors were Haley - Davidson of U.S.A, BSA, Triumph and Norton of the UK and Motto - Guzzi of Italy. Harley-Davidson had the largest market share with sales in 1959 totalling a6.6 million dollars. Many of the motorcycles produced were large and bulky and this led to the image of the motorcycle rider as being one who wore a leather jacket and went out to cause trouble. The Boston Consulting Group ( BCG ) report was initiated by the British government to study the decline in British motorcycle companies around the world, especially in the USA where sales had dropped from 49% in 1959 to 9% in 1973. The two key factors the report identified was the market share loss and profitability declines an the scale economy disadvantages in technology, distribution, and manufacturing. The BCG report showed that success of the Japanese manufacturers started with the growth of their own domestic markets. The high production for domestic demand led to Honda experiencing economies of scale as the cost of producing motorbikes declined with the level of output. This provided Honda to achieve a highly competitive cost position which they used to penetrate into the US market. " The basic philosophy of the Japanese manufacture is that high volumes per model provide the potential for high productivity as a result of using capital intensive and highly automated techniques. Their marketing strategies are therefore directed towards developing these high model volumes, hence the careful attention that we have observed them giving to growth and market share." (BCG p.59 ). The report goes on to show how Honda built up engineering competencies through the innovation of Mr Honda. The company also moved away from other companies who relied upon distributors to sell their bikes when the company set up its headquarters in the west coast of America. The BCG found that the motorcycles available before Honda entered the market were for limited group of people such as the police, army etc. But Honda had a "policy of selling, not primarily to confirmed motorcyclists but rather to members of the general public who had never before given a second thought to a motorcycle"( SP p.116 ). The small, lightweight Honda Supercub sold at under 250 dollars compared to the bigger American or British machines which were retailing at around 1000 to 1500 dollars. In 1960 Honda's research team comprised of around 700 designer and engineer staff compared to the 100 or so employed by their competitors showing the v alue which the company placed on innovation. Production per man-year was 159 units in 1962, a figure not reached by Harley-Davidson until 1974. Honda was following a strategy of developing region by region. Over a period of four to five years they moved from the west coast of America to the east coast. The report showed the emphasis which Honda paid to advertising when the company spent heavily on the advertising theme " you meet the nicest people on a Honda" thereby disassociating themselves from the rowdy, hell's angels type of people. Essentially the BCG is portraying Honda as a firm dedicated to being a low cost producer, utilising its dominant position in Japan to force entry into the U.S market, redefining that market by putting up the nicest people image and exploiting its comparative advantage via aggressive advertising and pricing. Pascale tends to disagree on many points of the BCG report. The report suggests that there was a smooth entry into the U.S market which led to an instant success. Pascale argues that Honda entered the American market at the end of the motorcycle trade season showing their impotence to carry out research in the new market. As they entered the market at the wrong time sales were not as good as they should have been and any success was not going to be instantaneous. Pascale also criticises the assumption that Honda was

Alfred Adlers individual psychology

Alfred Adlers individual psychology Major Principles of the Theory In his work of developing classical Adlerian psychology, Adler emphasized seven major principles which include; utility of the individual. According to this principle things like feeling, thinking, behaviors and emotions can only be understood well if considered as being subordinates of one’s lifestyle. â€Å"People are neither divided internally nor battleground of forces that conflict each other but every concept of individuality heads in the same direction† (Shultz, Shultz, 2009: 97).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Alfred Adlers individual psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The principle of goal holds that â€Å"there exist a single dynamic of personality originating from growth as well as forward motion of life by itself† (Slavik King, 2007). This personality is named future oriented, always striving to achieving an objective which is import ant, successful or even much powerful. Putting this aspect in mental health, it can be realized that the objective is real for social significance or superiority as compared to the general difficulties. Now putting the concept in mental disorder, Dreikurs stated that; [It is unrealistic goal of exaggerated significance or superiority over others. Early childhood feeling of inferiority in which one aim to compensate leads to the creation of a fictional final goal which subjectively seems to promise future security and success] (Dreikurs, 1935:72). It explains that, the real meaning of feelings that are inferior is one that controls the level at which the goal wants to attain in the long run becomes the route upon which behavior patterns follows. When explaining the principle of self-determination along with uniqueness, Adler emphasized that there are factors which influence goals and such factors may include, hereditary as well as cultural factors. However, the goal at the end origin ates from the individual’s creative powers which ultimately make it much unique. In most cases people do not understand or even don’t know what their goals are. Another principle is social context that holds â€Å"As an indivisible whole, a system, the human being is also a part of larger wholes or systems the family, the community, all of humanity, our planet and the cosmos† (Shultz, Shultz, 2009: 212). By looking at it in this perspective then there are three tasks of life namely; love, sex and occupation. However in the process of accomplishing these tasks, life is faced with a social challenge which entails the process of relating with others. The ways through which people respond to their first social systems, the constellation of families, in one way or the other might end up being the prototype of their world perspective as well as their life attitude (Slavik King, 2007). Community’s feeling forms the fifth principle and holds that;Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More [Everybody has the capacity for learning to live in harmony with the society. This forms innate potential for social connectedness which develops consciously. Social interests and feelings imply ‘social improvement,’ different from conformity and leaving space for social innovation through cultural resistance] (Shelley King, 2008:97). Mental Health principle states that â€Å"feelings of human connectedness and a willingness to develop oneself fully and contribute to the welfare of others are the main criteria of mental health†, (Dreikurs, 1935:45). In case such qualities have not yet developed fully there are higher chances of inferiority feelings haunting an individual. In other words there exists the likelihood of superiority attitude antagonizing others. As a result the fictional objective that is unconscious might end u p becoming self-centered as well as being emotionally explosive towards other people. In case the connectednesses along with the willingness of making contribution are much stronger then, there exists the likelihood of equality. As an effect the person’s objective will be self transcending and of much importance to others. Treatment forms the last principle; it explains that people have to overcome their insecurity feelings by developing real connectedness feelings, apart from ensuring that their significance striving is directed and socially fruitful. By the use of a Socratic kind of communication that can be considered as being respectful, people are in one way or the other given a task of correcting assumptions, behaviors, attitudes as well as feelings that are mistaken about themselves and the entire world. It is true that encouraging people constantly ends up stimulating people to try what they previously perceived as being impossible. Differences between Gender and cult ure In his presentations, he discussed that masculine is the term that relates to the opinion men showing empathy, sympathy and teamwork. On the other hand we have feminine characters which are considered as being less manly as compared to those individuals exhibiting masculine characters, which include high competition, very ambitious as well as very aggressive. For such men to reject their natural muscularity it is a must for them to make what Adler termed as neurotic compensation. Moreover, Adler felt that in the same way women having a desire of going beyond the so-called â€Å"gender definitions of a male dominated kind of society, have to undergo similar protests† (Stein, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Alfred Adlers individual psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Adler’s individual psychology, culture as well as its definition of gender duties is the main fact or in the development of neurosis. In most cases men under value women in those cultures that men dominate as a result their contributions and attributes affecting feminism are awarded much less values as compared to those attributed to masculine contributions. Looking at who differentiated cultures, it is true that things like lying are prominent in cultures that stress human relations while much less in societies that stresses on rules. One can say that individuals in cultures that stress human relations have higher chances of lying with the aim of protecting their relations, while those in cultures that that puts more emphasize on rules have few chances of lying as they need to follow the rules. At this point Adler â€Å"differentiates between cultures that are universally oriented (all rules apply to everyone) and particularly oriented; the nature of the relationship determines how someone will act in a particular situation† (Fiebert, 1997). Personality Development The th eory presents a comprehensive explanation of how personality develops. This is based on the fact that, the theory starts by giving an explanation of the environment in which a child is born. He describes it clearly as a world full of inferiority hence; the child starts as a weak and helpless individual. However, latter on the child learns how to overcome such deficiency by striving to become much superior as compared to those around him/her. Just like other psychologists, he calls this ‘striving for superiority’ which is perceived as being the force that drives all human minds, behavior patterns as well as emotions. Individuals with a stronger desire to be powerful, re-known business people or celebrated writers more often than note overcome their weaknesses thanks to a strong desire of doing so. However according to Adler such excessive inferiority feelings might also result to opposite impacts as well. He states that â€Å"As it becomes overwhelming and without the n eeded successes, we can develop an inferiority complex† (Slavik, King, 2007: 25). Such beliefs might leave individuals with a feeling that is incredibly much unimportant and deserving as compared to others; weak, without hope and motivation for superiority to strive which makes people complete.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theory asserts that people in childhood are predisposed significantly by those around them which form the basis of personality developing as well as the ways through which they will interact with others around them. It is true that human beings have their own abilities of making their own choices and set their own future goals. This is what Alder calls striving towards a specified objective, upon which patterns of their behaviors and how they interpret things. The decisions which people make concerning their personalities at early stages of child development will always affect their personalities in future. The theory also explains the effects of parenting styles on personality development. There are two parenting styles that Adler in his theory identifies as having negative effects on child’s personality development in future. One of them is pampering style of parenting; this is a situation where parents overprotect their children. This entails provision of too much atte ntion as well as sheltering the child from negative realities of life. By the time the child attains adulthood, he/she will not have equipped himself/herself well in a manner that will allow him/her to deal with such life realities. As a result children who have undergone such parenting will always doubt their capabilities, decisions and skills. Such people will always be seeking others to replace the kind of safety that they used to enjoy by the time they were young. Another type of parenting identified by Adler in his Individual Psychology is neglect parenting. Shultz Shultz (2004:63) Stated that, [A neglected child is not protected at all from the world and is forced to face lifes struggles alone. This child may grow up to fear the world, have a strong sense of mistrust for others and she/he may have a difficult time forming intimate relationships] Apart from identifying parenting styles that might have negative impacts on the child’s personality development the, theory i dentifies the best parenting style as one which protects children from all evils in the society, but not sheltering children from such evils. This means that children would grow better when they see what is happening in the society. For instance it is not good for parents just to move directly to the school principals in case their children are being bullied in school but it will hold more water if such a child is taught ways of responding to such practices or even means of taking care while in school. Order of birth is another factor affecting personality development. The theory states that â€Å"the order in which you are born to a family inherently affects your personality. First born children who later have younger siblings may have it the worst† (Nadine Bruszewski, 2010: 34). This is based on the fact that firstborns usually receive much attention and pampering type of parenting till the day that a little brother or sister will be born. As a result they feel inferior he nce questioning their significance in the society, some try desperately to regain back the lost attention (Stein, 2008). The middle born are seen by Alder as individuals who never receive pampering and much attention. This explains the reasons as to why middle born children always strive to become superior to their elder ones. This is because they always have a very high superiority need. Just like their firstborns, lastborns experiences personality problems in adulthood. This is based on the fact that, as a child who has grown up knowing that he has very little powers in a family, he sees older ones as individuals with lots of freedom and much superior. Apart from that he also receives pampering and lots of protection from parents, elder brothers and sisters. This at the end makes him think that there is no way he can take any responsibility alone, hence always inferior to others. Changes in Personality over the Lifespan Adler’s individual psychology explains that personalit y changes shows growth as well as well as forward movement of life. At childhood individuals â€Å"start their lives smaller, weaker, and less socially and intellectually competent than the adults around them† (Hoffman, 1994). However they always have a desire of growing up to become adults with various capabilities. Such kids then acquire skills in a gradual manner to later demonstrate their competence. In addition, people get to gain confidence along with self esteem as they continue growing up. However, this force of natural strive might be held back in case personal picture has undergone degradation as a result of intellectual, physical and social development failures. Apart from failures such individuals might suffer from criticisms coming from parents, peers and teachers. In case individuals are moving on well, they also start feeling competent hence can afford thinking about others. In case the movement is not right, meaning that life is getting the best good of indivi duals, then the opposite is true, as more attention will be about oneself. This might make individuals feel what Adler called inferiority complex. â€Å"This scenario makes them â€Å"shy and timid, insecure, indecisive, cowardly, submissive, compliant, and so on† (Boeree, George, 1997). People experiencing inferiority complex lacks what Adler refers to as social interests. This factor makes them to be egocentric; as they will always focus on themselves along with everything they perceive being their deficiencies. These individuals strive with the desire to improve their knowledge and skills. When individuals start developing fictional goals they then start pulling themselves up as a result of their bootstraps. Apart from serving as the significant reason of orienting people in the world, it also acts as a compensatory defense which has the ability of creating positive feelings in the current feelings with the aim of eliminating inferiority feelings (Stein, 2008:152). Peopl e attaining this stage ends up, developing what Adler calls superiority complex. This behavior entails covering inferiority complex by acting in a manner that shows that such people are superior. Basically, from birth to death people strive with the aim of overcoming, expanding, growing, completing and looking for security. Individual Psychology in the Modern World This theory fits well in the modern society as it is still the model of personality; the foundation of methods used in the development of minds, as well as personal growth. It is true that in the current society, everyone is still a representative of what Adler called â€Å"a unity of personality and the individual then fashions that unity (Stein, 2008). In addition the theory has enabled practitioners to a wide variety of techniques like art and drama therapies, which have proved much effective in the process of relieving sufferings as well as promoting positive change along with empowerment. Looking at it from mind dev elopment perspective, stresses on social interactions and contributions has remained to be the most significant but constant factor. This is because the higher the social interests, the lesser the inferiority feelings that an individual might have (Rocky Libby, 2010). It should be realized that till now lifestyle formulation as well as consistent usage of collected data with the aim of demonstrating individuals to themselves, is a unique technique that was copied from Adler’s individual psychology theory and till now it has been preserved. As a result this has been effective in the process of interpreting individual’s behaviors and teaching life philosophy. Apart from that it has been of help in the process of prodding people into actions. It has also gained much application in the development of minds. Looking at the issue of holism which was proposed by South African Philosopher known as Smut, which was latter taken to heart by Adler, it has been of great significan ce in viewing an individual as whole other than seeing him as parts. Additionally he changed the idea of individual’s personality to style of life, which the modern world is calling lifestyle. This alteration holds more water in the current society as it means the way people life, deal with conflicting issues and their relation with each other. Things of the past have lost meaning in the present society since people no longer determine their future based on the past experiences. In the modern society it is not a must that if c and d happened then y and z must happen. However the modern society has copied Adler’s principle that motivation entails moving towards the future which is in line with Adler’s individual personality. The current society doesn’t depend on the past to drive their future (Hoffman, 1994). References Boeree, C. George, G. (1997). Alfred Adler. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology.6 (5), 245-256. Dreikurs, R.  (1935). An Introduction to Individual Psychology. London: Kegan Paul, Trench Trubner Co.Ltd. Fiebert, M. (1997). In and out of Freuds shadow: A chronology of Adlers relationship with Freud. Individual Psychology, 53(3), 241-269. Hoffman, E. (1994). The drive for self: Alfred Adler and the founding of individual psychology. Journal of Individual Psychology. 5(3), 54-73. Nadine E. Bruszewski, V. (2010). Applying individual psychology to a Universitys sustainability initiative. Individual Psychology, 64(3), 241-269. Rocky, G. Libby, L. (2010). Individual psychology and individual differences in psycho-physiology. The Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research, and Practice, 63(3), 2-17. Shelley, C. King, R. (2008). Community feeling and social interest: Adlerian parallels, synergy, and differences with the field of community psychology. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 18(1), 96-107. Shultz, D. Shultz, S. (2009). Theories of personality. Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Slav ik, S. King, R. (2007). Adlerian therapeutic strategy. The Canadian Journal of Adlerian Psychology, 37(1), 3-16. Stein, T. (2008). Adlers legacy: Past, present and future. Journal of Individual Psychology, 64 (1), 4–20.

Olympics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Olympics - Term Paper Example In the event, the games will take two cluster organization methods. There would be a coastal cluster for ice events in Sochi, and a mountain cluster located in the Krasnaya Polyana Mountains (Nauright and Charles 76). There are expectations this kind of arrangement would make the games one of the most compact Olympic Committee has ever organized. The Sochi Olympic Park construction is along the Black Sea coast in the Imeretinskaya Valley. This is where all ice venues would take place. These include the Bolshoi Ice Palace, the Sochi Olympic Skating center, the Maly Ice Palace, the Olympic Oval, the Olympic Curling Center, the Central Stadium, and the main Olympic Village. In the mountain cluster in Krasnaya Polyana, this would be the home of all skiing and sliding sports activities (Hofstetter 78). The preparation for these games has triggered construction of new and modern telecommunications, electric power, new Olympic Park along the coast of Black sea, and transportation systems. W omen gymnastics would feature and as expected, the China Women gymnastic team would rock the event (Franks 88). They have previously put some distance on the other contenders in past Olympic Gymnasium competitions. Team goal or task – Level of difficulty In order to recreate the amazing moments that prompted the women gymnastics team of China to be branded exceptional, there ought to be more of what this women team have been doing. This actually calls for perfectionist awareness of the skills needed to be a top contestant in the 2014 Sochi Olympics. The women teams needs medal, and for that golden medal to come by, they know that not only thorough preparations and rehearsals will come calling in the subsequent days but also their bodies need to reach that high level of flexibility (Coma?neci 64). Since the attaining number four in Olympics competitions for China women gymnastics in 2012, there has been that pressure and pursuit of the entire team to reach that level of perfec tion. The team can win everything by not only producing a stunning performance but also attaining the level of flawless performance. The team’s head coach Lu Shanzhen, would want a repeat of the 1996 margin of almost near perfect performance over the most competitive opponents even if it were not the Russians (Crawley, Sara, Lara and Constance 102). This came to a success because the entire country, board and the bench team were exceptional. The coaching staff and the gymnasts need to wake into reality that their greatest task and level of difficult is the repeat of the standards once termed by the Bela Karolyi, a legendary gymnastic coach in US as performance so rare for 16 years old minors (Nauright, John, and Charles 110). The China team comprises of a beautiful bouquet of individual talent, which showed greater unity, mental toughness, and togetherness to compete 2012 Olympics (Hofstetter 79). The same zeal and commitment is the ultimate goal if the team has to affirm ful ly its heights in the sport of gymnasts. In order to put 1996 and 2012 performances in line of repeat, the head coach is ensuring that the team remains a solid entity despite individual talents and skills. There are no cracks of jealousy and rivalries among the gymnasts if success is their goal in 2014 Sochi Olympics. The team goes through individual qualifying by challenging each other in order to reach the individual all around. This is the pre-trial performances that have helped in fine-tuning the bests of these gymnasts and even makes

Manuel Castells perspectives on the challenges of the network society Essay

Manuel Castells perspectives on the challenges of the network society - Essay Example This paper is a response to the final chapter of Manuel Castells’ work The Internet Galaxy. It will provide an overview of the author’s perspective on the challenges imposed by the network society and Castells’ judgment will be analyzed by comparing with other scholarly sources on the same topic. Manuel Castells has no qualms in admitting the fact that the network society â€Å"offers as many opportunities as it raises challenges† (2001, p.275). In his opinion the beneficial aspect of this network society were features like innovation and freedom of thinking that it encouraged but these were gradually overtaken by oppressive and restrictive ways. Instead of encouraging freedom of expression, it provides the means of controlling information as well as prompts the biased and monopolized use of the data (2001, p.277). This is an honest take from the author regarding the potential and somewhat long-term aftereffects of network society. Chris Kitchen argues by assuring that the most incredible fruit of network society â€Å"is the role of social media in the recent social movements and uprisings, particularly the momentous events of 2011 starting in North Africa and the Middle East† (2012). From this perspective rapid information sharing and globalization that is primarily regulated by information technology has induced awareness among people regarding their human, civil and political rights. On the contrary, Luke Tredinnick disagrees by providing the example of the democracy protests in Buran during 2007.

Advocacy-LLM Criminal Litigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Advocacy-LLM Criminal Litigation - Essay Example These criminal legal professionals help to defend and prosecute particularly in the most serious criminal cases. The legal practitioners in UK have to demonstrate high magnitude of commitment, professionalism and ethical norms since UK has earned high reputation for its criminal justice system on the international level. To guarantee the delivery of high quality of criminal justice in UK courts, criminal advocates have to demonstrate higher advocacy and great technical knowledge skill. The criminal advocates help to ensure that all citizens receive a fair trial in the adversarial legal system, which is the backbone of the nation’s criminal justice system1, It is widely accepted that a huge sum is being spent as criminal legal aid in UK, pubic expects an efficient and effective advocacy from criminal advocates and if any poor standards will definitely not only have an impact on the quality of criminal advocate profession but also on the overall legal profession in UK. The Law S ociety in UK affirmed its pledge to enhancing advocacy norms which it regarded as to be must for the efficient functioning of the criminal justice system in UK. In view of the same, the Law society strongly recommended to create a certification scheme for solicitor advocates with the main spotlight on enhancing the knowledge update and training available to solicitor advocates in UK.... etiquettes for a criminal advocate as for instance, there had been severe criticism in the Milly Dowler3 trail against the counsel in 2011 for the treatment received by the victim’s family when they were in the witness box, and it is an obvious signal that even in criminal cases, antagonist backing has its limits4. The most significant traits of a criminal advocate can be summarised as follows: He should have adequate knowledge and appropriate qualification in criminal law and criminal justice system. The criminal advocate should always work for to safeguard the rights and interest of his client and should have strong fervent for justice. While in court, he should be confident and bold and should have a strong presence and should be capable of intimidating the prosecution. He should be a great performer with emoting talents to attract the jury’s attention and be able to influence them of the defendants’ misery or innocence. He should have more confident and shoul d have conducted many analogues’ litigations and should have good success rate. He should have adequate courage and more capable of facing the judge and cannot be either browbeaten or humiliated. He should have adequate knowledge of how the police functions and should be capable of detecting out facts and clues. He should have sound, deep knowledge in hidden components of law and during court hearing; he should be capable of spring surprises when never anticipated. With a client, a criminal advocate should always be fair in his professional dealings and also be honest and should brief his client the status of the case and what one can anticipate. He should be sociable in character so that he can have good relations with police, other advocates so that he can search for information from them to help his

The Definition Of Biomimicry

The Definition Of Biomimicry Product design inspired by nature simply means that designers look to the nature for answer when they were in process of designing it. The action of copying from nature is called biomimicry. Biomimicry is not an entirely new idea to humans. The hook and loop fasterner or known as Velcro was invented in 1948 based on the bur plants. Biomimicry is important in product design because nature has the best solution whenever we came to a design problem. For example, for the wind resistance problem faced by Japanese bullet train, the front nose was remodelled to look like a kingfishers beak. Biomimicry design spiral is a kind of tool that takes us through the process of identify, translate, observe, abstract, apply and evaluate before a design is being developed. There are many inventions in this world that were inspired by the nature. Flying squirrel wingsuit, formula one car, sharkskin swimsuit and drag-reduced propeller are the best examples. The nature is and will always be our mentor in product design. Therfore, it is our responsibility to preserve and protect the nature we have today. Definition of biomimicry Biomimicry is a discipline that studies our natures ideas, models and processes to take inspirations from to solve the design problems faced by humans. In the words of biomimicry, bios means life while mimesis means to mimic. Therefore, biomimicry simply means to imitate from nature. Biomimicry is not a new idea. Humans have always been turning to the nature to look for any answer to solve both complex and simple problems. Humans take the nature as their mentor and model. This is because the animals and plants found on the Earth nowadays have survived for ages. They have gone through several stages of evolution and changes in order to survive in this planet. Therefore, their body structure and functionality are worth copying for. For example, without birds the Wright brothers will not be inspired to build an airplane that turns out to be one of the greatest invention of all time. In addition, Eiji Nakatsu, a railway engineer remodelled the front nose design of the bullet train in Jap an which will reduce air resistance and uses 15% less electricity. He took the idea from the shape of the beak of kingfishers. The significance of biomimicry in product design There are thousands of products being designed in every single day. What really matter is, do the products have the ability to cope with the environment and perform well. Humans are not brilliant in every way, sometimes we do need some help from the nature. Some of the flora and fauna had been on Earth long before the existence of human race. They are full of experience in coping with the nature in order to survive. Therefore, designers always mimic the design of some animals and plants. The product designs nowadays have become more and more sophisticated. Designers are hoping to decrease any possibility of disaster and waste of energy. This is where biomimicry will come in handy. The existence of biomimicry provides a rough idea to the designers of what the nature would probably do to solve problems faced. Therefore, the designers can make amendments to their designs to avoid any unwanted errors. Hence, it cannot be denied that biomimicry is playing an important role in product desi gn. Biomimicry design spiral http://juliangaviriasanchez.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/biomimicry-design-spiral.jpg Biomimicry design spiral is a tool that scientists created that uses our nature as our mentor and role model to solve any complex and simple problems faced while in the creation of any products. Identify: Instead of asking ourselves what we want to design, we need to identify what we want our designs to do for us. If not, we probably ended up designing something which is only an updated version of current existing products. Translate: Take the natures perspective into consideration. We need to know how nature carries out a certain function to tackle problem it faced. Observe: Consults biologist or natural experts. Take their advices into consideration before we begin to develop something new. Abstract: Find out the relationship between the nature and the product. We need to know whether the product can adapt to the environment where it meant to be once developed. Apply: Apply all the knowledge and studies that had been made into the development of product. Designs a product based on the research. Evaluate: Find out how does the design performs in nature. Can the design adapt to the environment? Biomimicry applications in products design Animals Falcon birds Peregrine falcons are one of the species of falcons and a widespread bird of prey in the family Falconidae. The Peregrine falcon is renowned for its speed, reaching over 322km/h during its characteristic hunting stoop (high speed dive), making it the fastest member of the animal kingdom. According to a National Geographic program, the highest measured speed of a Peregrine Falcon is even up to 389 km/h. Hence, engineers have studied the body shape of the birds and implement it into the design of Formula 1 racing cars. A Formula 1 car is a single-seat, open cockpit, open-wheel racing car with substantial front and rear wings, and an engine positioned behind the driver. Aerodynamics of the car play a vital role in determining the speed, safety and drag produced. Therefore, the aerodynamic designer has two primary concerns which is the creation of downforce to push the car onto the track, improve cornering forces and minimising the drag that slow the car down. So, the front nose of a For mula 1 racing car is inspired by the shape of the head of Peregrine falcon. The head of the birds is in streamlined shape which will reduce the drag produced when flying at high speed. Therefore, designers design the front nose of the racing cars to mimic the head of the birds which used to channel air flow to the back of the car. Hence, drag is reduced and the downforce is increased. Racing cars can be driven to a higher speed. Flying squirrel Flying squirrels are one of the 44 species of squirrels in the family of Sciuridae. Flying squirrels do not have wings and are not capable of powered flight like birds or bats. The loose folds of skin between the front and hind legs of these squirrels enable them to fly from trees to trees but what they actually do is glide through the air on the stretched surface of this loose skin. The direction and speed of the animal in midair is varied by changing the positions of its two arms and legs, largely controlled by small cartilaginous wrist bones. Therefore, man has used the body structure of the flying squirrel and created the flying squirrel suit. Modern wingsuit are equipped with fabric attached between the legs and under the arms which will add surface area to the human body to enable a significant increase in lift. A wingsuit flight normally ends with a parachute opening. So a wingsuit can safely be flown from any point that provides sufficient altitude for flight and parachute de ployment. Sharks Sharks, also known as the natures great predator are a group of carnivorous ocean going fish with 368 different species in a total of 30 families. Some species of shark, such as the great white, are infamous among humans because they have been involved in attacks resulting in severe injury and sometimes death. Most sharks have streamlined bodies designed for moving efficiently through the water. Many species have a projecting dorsal fin, and all have split caudal or rear fins. The shark can move very rapidly in search of prey. The shortfin mako shark, the fastest shark and one of the fastest fish, can burst at speeds up to 50 km/h. The reasons why sharks can swim fast in water are closely related to its skin. Seen under an electron microscope, sharkskin is made up of countless overlapping scales called dermal denticles. The denticles have grooves running down their length in alignment with water flow. These grooves disrupt the formation of eddies, or turbulent swirls of slower water and make the water to pass by faster. Therefore, the scientists replicate the dermal denticles and apply it on the racing swimsuit. Speedos Fastskin line of high-tech, high-performance swimsuits were inspired by the shark skins sandpaper-like texture is thought to reduce drag, hence its usefulness in swimming gear. Plants Bur A bur is a seed or dry fruit in which the seeds bear hooks or teeth which attach themselves to the fur of passing animals or the clothing of people. The hooks or teeth are irritants and quite hard to remove from clothing, such as wool or cotton. The bur of burdock was the inspiration for hook and loop fastener (Velcro). Velcro was invented in 1948 by the Swiss electrical engineer George de Mestral. Hook-and-loop fasteners consist of two components which are two lineal fabric strips which are attached to the opposing surfaces to be fastened. The first component features tiny hooks while the second features even smaller and hair-like loops. When the two components are pressed together, the hooks catch in the loops and the two pieces fasten or bind temporarily. Velcro strips make a distinctive ripping sound when they are being separated. Because it is extremely easy to use, low chances of being spoilt and safe, the hook-and-loop fasteners have been used for just about every conceivable application where a temporary bond is required. It is especially popular as a shoe fastener for children who have not yet learned to tie shoelaces and for those who choose Velcro over laces. Kelp Kelps are large seaweeds belong to the brown algae in the order Laminariales. Kelp grows in underwater forests known as the kelp forests in shallow oceans. There are several Pacific species of kelp which is a very important ingredient in Chinese, Japanese and Korean cuisines. Because of its high concentration of iodine, brown kelp has been used to treat the enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by a lack of iodine, known as goitre. Kelps have the very unique spiral shape which moves with the current rather than fighting against it. Therefore, they will not get swept away easily by rough current. This phenomenon inspired the design of drag-reduced propeller. A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust and normal seen installed at the back of vessel or boat. Propeller designed in spiral shape will has lesser drag when it spins in water. Hence, less energy is required to accelerate the water to the back of blade which in turns provides more forward thrust to the ship. Tumbleweed Tumbleweed is the above-ground part of any plants that once mature and dry or wilt. It will disengage from the root and tumble away in the wind. The tumbleweed is a norm in steppe and desert climates. The tumbleweed is a diaspore, which aids in the dispersal of seeds or spores. The tumbleweed is very light and round in shape. Therefore, it moves around and tumbles along to disperse seeds when the wind blows. Eventually, the tumbleweed comes to rest in a wet location, it opens as it absorbs water and then it dies. The characteristics of tumbleweed for being light and round in shape have inspired the NASA engineers to design a rover of the same concept. The rover is designed for any exploring missions in planet Mars. The rough terrain of Mars can be tackled using a wind-driven planetary rover. A wind-driven planetary rover design maximises drag and therefore it will be easy to manoeuvre around the planet. Conclusion Every single thing created by God in this world existed for a reason. It just that some of things are still yet to be discovered by humans. As mentioned earlier, most of the designs in this world are inspired by the nature. Humans copy the design of some animals and plants to achieve success in their design. The nature is our teacher, our mentor and our role model. We always look to nature for answer whenever we faced obstacles. Hence, through biomimicry, the relationships between humans and nature grow closer than ever before. The continued existence of the nature depends on humans and vice versa. Therefore, we must appreciate and preserve what we have right now for the sake of our latter generations.

The Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive :: Vietnam War Essays

In the mid to late 1960's the Vietnam Conflict was greatly controversial. This is mainly due to the fact that it was an undeclared war and was being fought with unclear objectives. It was fought mainly by Viet Cong guerillas and the NVA from the North and by the USA and ARVN from the south. Throughout the conflict it appeared as if the South was prevailing; up until one climatic battle that turned out to be a failure militarily; it is known as the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive started with diversionary attacks on Khe Sanh on January 21. It began with a concentrated artillery barrage and entrenching troops around the perimeter so that they could prepare further assaults on Khe Sanh's defenses. This caused the US to move their troops up in order to defend against the enemy intrusion. By causing the US to move their troops from their positions in the other major cities, the North had created an opportunity for an attack on all of those cites. Then next step of the plan was to infiltrate the major cities of the South like Saigon and Hue with VC and NVA soldiers. It is amazing how effectively the VC and NVA snuck their soldiers into the cities, because only a small number of them actually got caught. They pulled this off by sending their men in slowly, mostly by twos or threes, disguised as refugees, peasants, workers, and ARVN soldiers on holiday. Their weapons were smuggled in separately in flower carts, coffins, and trucks that looked as if they were filled with food for the civilians. All-in-all the amount of troops in these cities equaled about 5 battalions. Once the North had accomplished its goals of distracting the United States soldiers and infiltrating its guarded cities they decided to attack; they chose a day designated for truce, the Vietnamese New Year of Tet. On January 31st, in the early hours of the morning, the NVA and VC troops and commandoes began the Tet Offensive by attacking virtually every major city and town; including most of the major bases and airfields. Most of the attacks made came by total surprise and caused a maelstrom of chaos among the US soldiers who attempted to defend their posts. An example of one of these attacks is the one launched against the US embassy in Saigon. In Saigon, nineteen VC commandoes attempted to blast their way through the main doors of the US embassy and killed two of the 5 MP's on duty.

Expressionism & art Essay

Expressionism is a complex and often contradictory movement. It encompasses the excavation of the psyche while liberating the body. Expressionism generally refers to anything that was not impressionism; it could even include anti-impressionistic work. Up to the outbreak of World War I, the term â€Å"expressionism† was used to describe any art work that was fauviste, futurist, modern, or cubist. Expressionism has qualities that are a more sensitive perception of the world. It attempts to portray the mind of the artist, shaping the figures which an artist paints or writes about. (â€Å"Expressionism (literature)†) Subjective human experience plays a large role in expressionist art. Because of this, expressionism has potential for despair and anguish, which is quite unlike any artistic movement that came before it. (Bassie, 7-10) Expressionism was not a strict movement; unlike surrealism or naturalism in literature or impressionism in painting, expressionism was the offering of ideas, not techniques. (â€Å"Expressionism in Literature†) For example, after World War I, people were anxious and aware that they were vulnerable. Expressionists worked through these emotions, through the fears of atomic war, creating art that was based on their own experiences and feelings. They refused to set limits on the emotional content of their work. (Sandler, 29-30) Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis and Max Beckmann’s Departure are both expressionistic, however, Kafka’s story is the more powerful example of the qualities of expressionism. In Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, there is a passage where Gregor describes the horrors of his daily, a job he never wanted. Gregor mentions that he travels for a living, that that it is â€Å"much more than working in the home office. † He goes on to describe what he experiences and wishes that â€Å"the devil take it all! † (Kafka, 688) This passage from Kafka’s The Metamorphosis exhibits expressionism because it expresses Gregor’s human feelings, even though he has been transformed into an insect. It shows how he really feels, including anxiety and despair. For example, he speaks of his job, even the smallest detail. He detests his job, only working at it because his father owed Gregor’s boss money. He details the commute, the sub par room-and-board, and the fact that he does not have any intimate friends, only acquaintances. However, later in the story, Gregor does begin to lose all of these feelings in favor of his feelings of being an insect. He begins to enjoy rotten cheese and climbing the walls of his bedroom. When his family forgets, or rather begins to not care, about him, transforming his bedroom into a storage area that he has to live with, Gregor realizes his feelings as an insect. According to Gustav Janouch, Kafka himself described The Metamorphosis as his own idea of horror. (1477) This transformation, like that of his physical being, is the embodiment of expressionism. This passage, as well as the entire story, is a telling of change, from one state of being to another, from one process of thinking to another. It shows the human experience not because it deals with changing into an insect, but because each individual questions the nature of their existence; their job, their family life, and their inner purpose. Max Beckmann’s Departure exhibits expressionism because it shows human suffering and peace. In the first panel, people are tied up, perhaps being tortured, but clearly in agony. In the second panel, there are three individuals on a boat, seemingly at ease, catching fish. In the third panel, two individuals are tied together, bodies flush against each other, one upside down, the other right side up. It also looks as though a bird is pecking at one of the individuals. Some believe that Beckmann’s work is obscure, dense, and beyond understanding (Finch), however, that is not true of any work of art. Two out of the three panels show human suffering, which holds the majority in the world. Human suffering is experienced by more individuals at more points during their lives than any other feeling. That is the nature of life, the nature of the world. However, peace is also experienced, although not as frequently. For the individuals in the second panel, they seem content with where they are. Everyone experiences contentment in their lives, but for some it occurs so infrequently that those peaceful moments are overshadowed by suffering. This painting could also express Beckmann’s move from Frankfurt to Berlin when the Nazis came to power in the 1930s. (â€Å"Departure†) For example, the individuals in the second panel could be traveling. The first and third panels could represent where they came from and where they were going. Beckmann did not want to leave Frankfurt, but he was forced to leave, and Berlin held nothing for him. In both the first and third panels, individuals are shown as suffering. Perhaps this is what Beckmann was feeling due to his forced move. Expressionism manifests itself in different ways between literary and visual art works. In literary works, feelings are told as well as shown. One can show despair through description of detail and character development. The reader knows somewhat of a character’s past, and perhaps how they got to where they are in a story. One does not experience this is visual art. One can only look at a painting and contemplate and interpret what happened before and what would happen after, but there is no definite answer. The feeling interpreted from a painting are perhaps those that the viewer has imposed on it, not the feelings that the artist wanted to convey. Everyone has their own vision and opinion; with writing, feelings and experiences are laid out clearly, with paintings, feelings and experiences are more the viewer’s than the artist’s. Because of these reasons, the literary arts can be more expressionistic than the visual arts. For example, Kafka’s The Metamorphosis is more expressionistic than Beckmann’s Departure because Kafka’s story is straightforward about the characters’ feelings, while Beckmann’s painting is left too much up to viewer interpretation. Feelings expressed through art, if any, should be those of the artist who created it, not of the patron. – Bassie, Ashley. Expressionism. New York: Artists Rights Society, 2005. – Bloom, Harold. Franz Kafka. Broomall, PA: Chelsea House Publishers, 2003. – â€Å"Departure. † Online Design Museum. 21 May 2009. http://www. cs. wayne. edu/~zhw/csc691/tour1pic1detail. html – â€Å"Expressionism. † Abstract Art. 21 May 2009. http://abstractart. 20m. com/expressionism. html – â€Å"Expressionism in Literature. † Dictionary of the History of Ideas. 1 May 2003. 21 May 2009. http://etext. virginia. edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi. cgi? id=dv2-24 – â€Å"Expressionism (literature). † Tiscali. 2009. 21 May 2009. http://www. tiscali. co. uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0097410. html – Finch, Charlie. â€Å"Deciphering Beckmann. † Artnet. 2004. 21 May 2009. http://www. artnet. com/magazine/features/finch/finch7-17-03. asp – Janouch, Gustav. â€Å"Kafka’s View of ‘The Metamorphosis’. † The Story and Its Writer. 7th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007. – Kafka, Franz. â€Å"The Metamorphosis. † The Story and Its Writer. 7th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007. – Sandler, Irving. The Triumph of American Painting: A History of Abstract Expressionism. New York: Praeger Publishers, Inc. , 1970.

Ethics in the American Nurses Association essays

Ethics in the American Nurses Association essays Broadly understood, ethics consist of principles, which direct the conduct of individuals, groups or professions (Wilkins 2007). Nurses as professionals make independent decisions on the care of patients. But they are still answerable to their profession as a whole as regards these independent decisions. A nurses conduct has been under scrutiny from the start. The famous Florence Nightingale pledge in 1893 included the vow to abstain from anything deleterious and mischievous... or harmful drug. The profession evolved into a very complex arena in the last century. Nurses now must confront life-and-death decisions and in short periods, even on an hourly basis. Medical advancements in new technology have the equal potential of benefit and harm. Todays nurse makes her own decisions, that is, without the influence of her employer. But how she does is under the control of a Code of Ethics to which she swears (Wilkins). In general, nurses are employed by a hospital, clinic or some private entity (Wilkins 2007). Yet seemingly independent decisions made on patient care not really totally independent. Each decision, especially a critical or end-of-life decision, creates a ripple effect, which extends to anyone in the health care sphere. A code of ethics enables nurses to remain attuned to perspective and retain a balanced view in making decisions. That Code, however, cannot remain stagnant. There will always be changes in the professions and healthcare practice. These unavoidable changes must be appropriately and promptly confronted and incorporated into or included in the Codes formal statement. On the other hand, it is the responsibility of professional nurses to know changes made to the Code and to incorporate these into their daily practice (Wilkins). The American Nurses Association is the oldest, biggest and perceived to be the best professional organization of registered nurs...

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Mergers And Joint Ventures Essay Example for Free

Mergers And Joint Ventures Essay A company does not plan on merging with another company and although some mergers are voluntary other mergers are not. When a company is struggling, having financial difficulties and has used up all of its resources sometime it is in the best interest to merge. It is important for companies to understand the different mergers and to pick the best solution. Below team D will discuss the differences between a horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate merger and how those mergers differ from joint ventures. Horizontal Mergers Horizontal mergers are the combining of two or more companies in the same industry that are competitors. An example would be Sirius Satellite and XM radio. The benefit of this merger is a decrease in competition for all the companies involved. The disadvantages of this merger is that a horizontal merger is considered hostile due to a larger company â€Å"taking over† the smaller company and it feeling more like an acquisition than a merger (wiseGEEK, 2014). Another drawback is the companies not requiring to disclose or share all trade secrets resulting in jealousy and/or resentment. Vertical Mergers Vertical mergers are more common and the companies involved in this merger do not compete directly in the same market. A vertical merger is a combination of two companies that produce different products or services and come together to produce one specific product. One of the merging companies would be the buyer of products and the other company would be the supplier (Colander, 2013). An advantage of this merger is lower costs due to the  company not having to pay for the materials from the supplier. A disadvantage of this merger is forcing suppliers out of business and anti-trust issues. Conglomerate Merger Unlike horizontal and vertical mergers, a conglomerate merger is less personal and merges two companies in different markets that are unrelated to each other to grow financially and to increase their market share. An advantage of this merger is the advantage to reach a bigger audience. When two companies merge together they have access to the other companies’ market base. The size of the companies can be an advantage or disadvantage. The size can be a disadvantage because of structure changes, i.e. an increase of employees as well as core values being lost due to the merge. Joint Venture Joint venture occurs when commercial enterprise is undertaken jointly by two or more parties and at the same time still maintaining their individual identities. Joint ventures seem a bit more beneficial when compared to mergers. One pro of joint venture is that the companies continue to exist as their own, whereas with mergers the two firms are one and no longer independent (Chron, 2014). An example of a joint venture is a cable and a phone company coming together offering both of their services like a bundle that offers special discounts. Conclusion The three different types of merges team d learned about are horizontal, vertical and conglomerate. We also learned the difference of the three and the advantages and disadvantages of the different mergers and how joint ventures differ from mergers. It is important for firms to knowledgeable about mergers and joint ventures so that they may make the best decisions for their firm. References Chron. (2014) Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-mergers-joint-ventures-18578.html Colander, D. C. (2013). Microeconomics (9th Ed.). New York, NY:

Analysis Of The Impact Of Homelessness On The Health Of Individuals Social Work Essay

Analysis Of The Impact Of Homelessness On The Health Of Individuals Social Work Essay This assignment will be analysing the impact of homelessness on the health of individuals and focusing on the effect homelessness has on a persons mental health and evaluating the response of health providers. The legal definition of homelessness states that an individual as being homeless if they do not have a legal right to occupy accommodation, or if their accommodation is unsuitable to live in. (Homelessness Act 2002) Homelessness is a major social issue especially in urban areas; in 2008 3500 people slept rough in London alone (Broadway 2009). Homelessness is often referred to as sleeping on the streets; this is a common misconception with homelessness existing in many different forms. In reality sleeping on the streets is the most extreme form of homelessness. (Initiatives to tackle homelessness and rough sleeping in London 2008) Homeless people could either be families or single people who do not sleep on the streets but live in alternative accommodation, this is supported by the Government which stated in 2003: the vast majority of homeless people are actually families or single people who are not literally sleeping on the streets but living with relatives and friends or in temporary accommodation (ODPM 2003). The majority of homeless people live in temporary accommodation; these include bed and breakfasts, hotels, shelters, refuges or hostels. These temporary forms of accommodation tend to be poor quality and detrimental to their health and well-being. The results of not having permanent accommodation have a direct link to high stress levels and practical difficulties. Local authorities have a legal duty to provide assistance and advice to people who are legally defined as homeless, or someone who is threatened with homelessness. However, due to the criteria of need not everyone within the legal definition of homelessness necessarily qualifies for accommodation. (Pereira test) A majority of people view homelessness as the result of individuals personal failings in life, and believe that a person chooses to be homeless. Research by the Scottish government found that 48% of the UK public believed that homeless people could find somewhere to live if they tried, and 35% believed that people became homeless, purely on the basis to receive a council house. (Ormston 2006) However the causes of homelessness are a complex interplay between a persons individual circumstances and difficult structural factors, which are outside their control. These problems can build over years, until a point where everything has reached crisis, this is when an individual becomes homeless. Fitzpatrick (2005) explored the positivist and interpretivist schools of thought. These two models are based on different theories about the nature of reality. Positivists believe that knowledge can only be established on what can be experienced or observed. Positivist looks at statistically significant variables for example the lack of social housing and an individuals family problem can lead to someone becoming homeless. However, this cannot include the population as a whole, not all people with family problems in areas where there is a lack of social housing becomes homeless. These people are at an increased risk of becoming homeless, however it does not explain the causes of homelessness. Interpretivism is a term that includes various paradigms, all related with meanings and experiences of human beings. Fitzpatrick (2005) concluded critical realism could explain the reasons why people become homeless. Realists take in a number of factors which could result in someone becoming homeless, for example economic structures, depending on welfare policies and social class can make someone more venerable to homelessness. Realists also consider the supply of affordable housing as an attribute to homelessness. Giddens developed the Structuration Theory which stated that power exists at different points within society for example local authorities, councils and the government. However Giddens states that an individual can have an impact and change things from happening. For example if a childs had substance dependency, the child is more likely to also have substance dependency; this is their predictable fate. Giddens however argues that an individual can have an impact of what happens to them. Similar to the interpretivist approach, Giddens acknowledges that social life is produced and reproduced through action. (Giddens) Post modernists and post structualists argue that there is no one reason for someone becoming homeless. People can become homeless from a range of complex and overlapping reasons; for example, an individual may have alcohol dependencies, which could lead to the end of a relationship, thus being thrown out of the marital home. Solving homelessness is more complex than simply putting a roof over an individual/familys head; work needs to be carried out to solve the underlying issues that resulted in the cause of homelessness in the first instance. These issues may include individual factors, which can consist of alcohol or drug misuse, a lack of social support from friends or family, poor physical or mental health, relationship breakdown through divorce, the demise of a relationship and debts- particularly mortgage or rent arrears. Family background may also be a contributing factor to homelessness; this may include family breakdowns and disputes, physical and sexual abuse in childhood, having parents with alcohol or drug dependencies, or a family history of homelessness. Research by Ravenhill 2000 examined the routes into homelessness found that family conflict was the most common starting point for homelessness. Having an institutional background may also contribute to an individual becoming homeless, these include people who have been in care, in prison or in the armed forces. This statement is backed up by a report commissioned by Shelter 2007 found that 25% of homeless people has spent time in prison. Structural causes of homelessness are social and economic in nature; these are often outside the control of the family or individual concerned. This may include the lack of affordable housing; in England 4.5 million people are on the social housing waiting list (CLG 2009) This number is predicted to rise some 2 million households by 2010 (LGA 2008). As the demand for social housing rises, the supply has decreased by 32%, in 1981 there were 5.5 million, in 2007 there were 3.7 million (CLG 2008). Poverty can also be associated with a structural cause of homelessness, a lack of monetary resources make people more vulnerable to homelessness as they do not have financial stability, for example, unemployment. Poverty is on the increase in the UK in 2007/ 2008 almost 13.5 million people were living in poverty. The housing benefit system can also prevent people recovering from poverty. This system creates barriers for those trying to work (unemployment trap) and people in low paying jobs trying to increae their income (poverty trap). Housing benefit can also block claimants effort to gain new qualifications, as anyone over the age of 18 is not eligible for Housing Benefit if they are studying more than 16 hours per week. These above factors are out of the individuals hands, as they require policy solutions, such as changes in the housing benefit system, and the building of more affordable housing in all local authorities. Applicants for homelessness support from local authorities identified that the three main reasons for having lost their last settled home were; family or friends were unwilling or unable to accommodate them, the loss of assured short hold tenancy and relationship breakdown (Statutory Homelessness Statistics 2008). However these reasons are only factors, which trigger people into seeking assistance, and are not the fundamental reasons that build up in the first place. For many people there is no single event that results in sudden homelessness, however homelessness is due to a number of problems that have built up over time. Homelessness can reoccur in the future as a result of underlying problems and issues remaining unresolved. A study commissioned by Shelter 2007 found that the most frequent reason given for living on the street were, relationship breakdown: 41 per cent, being asked to leave the family home: 28  per cent, drug and alcohol problems: 31 per cent and 28 per cent respectively, leaving prison: 25  per cent, mental health problems: 19 per cent, other: for example, eviction, problems with benefits payments. Interviewees identified two or three factors contributing to their homelessness, which reveal that causes of homelessness cannot be because of one single factor. Crane (1999) argued that unemployment; availability of affordable housing and poverty had little effect on someone becoming homeless. Crane found in her respondents that personal inadequacies such as mental health, emotional distress and coping abilities were more significant as causes of homelessness. The experience of homelessness can have a serious detrimental effect on a persons physical and mental well-being. This is especially true in the case of rough sleepers, who have on average life expectancy of 42 years, compared to the national UK average of 74 for men and 79 for women (Grenier 1996) Poor physical or mental health as well as alcohol or drug dependency are health problems for the entire homeless population, whether they are sleeping on the street, in hostels or in temporary accommodation. Mental ill health, physical disabilities or dependency issues can also trigger or be a part of a chain event that lead to someone becoming homeless. Isolation created by being homeless often means that people find it difficult to access support with services not being in a position to respond to the needs of homeless people. Poor physical health and homelessness often go hand in hand, sleeping on the streets, in squats or in overcrowded accommodation can have a damaging effect on a persons physical well being. In 2006, the National Coalition for the Homeless found that 142 violent acts by non-homeless people against homeless people, 20 of which were fatal. A recent survey of homeless people living in hostels, found that two thirds were suffering from physical health problems which included trench foot, frostbite, bronchitis, pneumonia, wound infections, cardiovascular conditions and liver damage. (St Mungos  2005) Homeless people also lack adequate access to healthcare services. St Mungos research also found that one third of hostel residents who required treatment did not receive any. Research has found that homeless people are 40% times more likely not to be registered with a GP than the general public; research has also found that 55% of homeless people had no contact with a GP in the previous year. (Fountain 2002) Mental ill health is both a cause and also a consequence of homelessness. It is commonly known that there are higher rates of mental health problems in the homeless population. Mental health issues can be caused by the stress associated with being homeless, research by Homeless Link 2009 found that 32% of clients of homelessness services in England have mental health and 14% have personality disorder. Broadway 2009 found that rough sleepers are 35 times more likely to commit suicide than the general population. A report for (Rees 2009) found that the homeless population were twice the levels of common mental health problems, and research found that Psychosis is 4 to 15 times more present in homeless population. Breakdown of a relationship may lead to depression or mental health problems; alcohol may then be used as a coping mechanism to numb the pain. Over two thirds of homeless people reported drug or alcohol use as a reason for first becoming homeless (Crisis 2002). Kemp 2006 also found that those who use drugs are seven times more likely to become homeless than the general population. Homelessness is associated with high levels of stress and mental illness and it is common for those who are traumatised by homeless to seek comfort in alcohol or drug abuse. However not every person who has alcohol or drug dependencies becomes homeless, likewise not every person who is homeless has drug or alcohol problems. However there is a high prevalence of alcohol and drug problems in the homeless population; Homeless Link (2009) found that 39% of clients of homeless services in England have problems with alcohol and 42% has drug problems. Mental health illness is also associated with substance misuse, this is called dual diagnosis. Services for this group are particularly poor, as dependency services have difficulties to cater for people with mental health issues, as do mental health services find it difficult to cater for people with substance misuse. Alcohol dependency, mental ill health and drug dependency are the most common expressed health needs of people who are homeless. There are different types of services aimed at providing homeless people health care. However there are barriers preventing homeless people accessing these services. In order to address these barriers different types of frameworks have been established. The first being the mainstream general practice (intended for the general public) which adopts the extended role in primary care provision. Specialised general practice being the second framework to address barriers in accessing health care specifically for homeless people; this practice only registers homeless people. This type of practice is usually only found in large urban areas where homelessness is greater, this service is therefore unobtainable for homeless people in rural areas. The positive aspect of this framework is that in attempts to integrate homeless people into mainstream general health care, this statement being supported by Lester (2002). However, Wright 2002 argues that specialised general practice can provide a focussed and intensive level of care for homeless people, where integration in to mainstream primary care could be problematic. Wright therefore concluded that this type of framework is a useful tool to provide the initial treatment for homeless people and not the long-term treatment. In essence Specialised general practice offers flexible, high quality and individually tailored responses when treating homeless people with services being open access such as drop in centres. Research by Hagan et al 2001 found a high prevalence of Hepatitis C in injectors who shared injecting equipment. Health promotion for drug dependant homeless people should therefore encourage drug users not to share injecting equipment. Within the UK this has been made possible by setting up a legal framework for distributing sterile injecting equipment Hagen et al 2001. This will make users more aware of the health risks of sharing injecting equipment, and giving homeless people access to health information, and making them aware of the risk factors of sharing needles, spoons and filters. Readily available and accessible health care is required for effective health interventions for homeless people. This involves addressing the barriers in accessing health care and multiagency work in order for homeless people to access the full range of health and social care services. Homeless people face many barriers when accessing health care services; these include the administration of the NHS, which requires a patient having a permanent address before being eligible. Pleace (2000) found that homeless people have often encountered negative attitude and refusal of service by some administrative staff. Due to low self-esteem many homeless people avoid attempting to access these services as they anticipate a hostile environment, which can lead to individual neglecting their health. Numerous homeless people are more concerned with obtaining food and shelter, prior to seeking health care requirements. Evaluations on the services addressing dual-diagnosis, (mental health and substance use, being most frequent) are rare in the UK. Wright et al (2003) concluded that dual diagnosis services were not as competent as single diagnosis services. Health care services that specialise in dual diagnosis will often need specialised accommodation, offering long term sometimes on a permanent basis. In order for Health care services to provide to the needs for homeless people, it needs to adopt a holistic approach, while ensuring user involvement in their care. Ensuring flexible opening times is also a factor which would help meet their need, many people sleeping rough sleep during the day, therefore providing services which are open during the evening would ensure access to homeless people. Many homeless people live in isolation and therefore depend of receiving information about available services through other people in the same situation; the information is therefore not widespread. Homeless people with mental health problems often have difficulties accessing health care services for their needs, therefore resulting with a delay in receiving support or treatment and worsening their condition. It is essential to identify mental health problems and addressing them before a situation reaches crisis. Difficulties in accessing services can be a result of relocating and being situated in different area code, as a result homeless people are therefore not registered with a GP and are reluctant attended different services as they anticipate hostility from staff. In order to ensure that services are accessible to homeless people with mental health problems, services should ensure that mental health services are based within homeless agencies such as shelters and temporary accommodation. These agencies should be open access to ensure homeless people have access to the required resources. There should be dedicated specialist homelessness mental health practitioners visiting homelessness accommodation in order to identify and addressing mental health problems. There is also a requirement for support and training for frontline staff, so that they have the capability and knowledge to identify the symptoms of mental health problems. Frontline agencies in contact with homeless people play a key role in identifying possible mental health problems and then referring them to a specialised team. However, at present not all staff are trained to recognise individuals with mental health problems, for example, homeless people with a withdrawn behaviour can be overlooked, as they do not cause difficulties when staying in temporary accommodation. Homeless people with mental health problems may need support from various different agencies, it is essential for these services to work together to ensure that the individual is receiving the care that they need, and is therefore important for different agencies to share information and conduct joint case conferences. In order for local authorities to meet the mental health needs of homeless people, they must identify what their needs are, in order to identify any gaps in provision. In 2003 all local authorities were required to have a homelessness strategy in place, which should be based on the level and cause of homelessness in their specific area. Local authorities are required too keep strategies under review as homeless people needs vary, ensuring that these strategies are revised every five years. The Department for Communities and Local Government has issued a toolkit in order to assist different local authorities with their review, this emphasises the need to address health issues including mental health (DLG 2006) This is supported by the Homelessness Act (2002) which states that local authorities are obliged to carry out a homelessness review for their district; and formulate and publish a homelessness strategy based on the results of that review. (Homelessness Act 2002) Scottish Government have set Health and Homeless Standards in 2005 which publish health and homelessness standards for NHS boards, its aim was to improve the health of homeless people and support NHS boards in the planning and provision of services for homeless people. In conclusion, this assignment has shown that homelessness has a direct effect on an individuals health; health providers need better funding in order to provide efficient services for homeless people. However in order for local authorities to review their service in order to meet the needs of individuals would be difficult. Measuring how many homeless people exist is complex, many homeless people tend to avoid services, preferring isolation, services available will therefore not meet.